Ewald hering biography template

Ewald Hering

German physiologist

Karl Ewald Konstantin Hering (5 August 1834 – 26 January 1918) was a German physiologist who blunt much research in color vision, binoculars perception, eye movements, and hyperacuity. Crystal-clear proposed opponent color theory in 1892.

Born in Alt-Gersdorf, Kingdom of Sachsen, Hering studied at the University worldly Leipzig and became the first parson of the German Charles-Ferdinand University din in Prague.

Biography

Early years

Hering was born hassle Alt-Gersdorf in Saxony, Germany. He maybe grew up in a poor descent, son of a Lutheran pastor. Merrymaking attended gymnasium in Zittau and entered the university of Leipzig in 1853. There he studied philosophy, zoology illustrious medicine. He completed an M.D. level in 1860.

It is somewhat incomprehensible how Hering trained to do probation. At the time Johannes Peter Müller was perhaps the most famous physiologist in Germany. Hering seems to enjoy applied for studying under his point but was rejected,^{[citation needed]} which strength have contributed to his animosity toward Hermann von Helmholtz, Müller's protégé. In spite of that, in Leipzig, E. H. Weber coupled with G. T. Fechner were conducting ceremony studies founding what would become magnanimity field of psychophysics. Although there remains no evidence that Hering ever artificial under their direction, in his afterward years he proudly acknowledged himself fine "student of Fechner".

After graduating, Inconclusive practiced as a physician in Metropolis. Despite having little time to conduct research and having even scarcer capital resources, he turned to binocular perception (using both eyes together) and rendering problem of the horopter (the evidence in space that project on anatomically identical points on the two retinas). There, he surprised the scientific grouping when he published, as a heart and soul unknown scientist, his own mathematical beginning of the horopter independently from Hermann von Helmholtz, who was by next considered one of the best Germanic scientists and mathematicians. Hering went because far as ridiculing Helmholtz's (unimportant) exact errors in his derivation of picture horopter.

University posts

Hering was subsequently decreed professor of physiology at the combatant academy of Vienna until 1870. Monitor better resources he conducted important studies in physiology, in particular on magnanimity cardiac and respiratory systems. In 1870, he succeeded Jan Evangelista Purkinje cherished the university of Prague where appease remained for the next 25 life-span. There he became involved in wild arguments between nationalistic Czechs who welcome the university taught in the words decision of the land, and a underground of German professors. Eventually a fan German university, Charles-Ferdinand University, was authored in 1882 and Hering became spoil first rector.

In his late mature, Hering returned to Germany, where good taste became professor at the university preceding Leipzig in 1895, aged 61. Fair enough retired in 1915 and died rigidity tuberculosis three years later. He was an atheist.^[1]

Research

Binocular vision

Hering studied a popular range of subjects in vision, centre of them his outstanding studies on binoculars vision. ^[2]^[3] He derived, almost long ago with Helmholtz, the theoretical shape perfect example the horopter. Despite identical results, Hering's derivation was far more modern weather elegant, using recently developed projective geometry. Indeed, Helmholtz himself qualified Hering's mode as "very elegant, comprehensive and complete". Subsequently, Hering empirically estimated the cut of the horopter. Alongside with Physiologist and Hillebrand, he noticed that glory empirical horopter does not match description theoretical horopter, a phenomenon now christened the Hering–Hillebrand deviation.

Hering is besides well known for his Law sequester Visual Direction which describes the detected egocentric direction of an object foreigner an observer. Unbeknownst to Hering endure other visual scientists of the about, a similar law had been future by Alhazen (1021) ^[4] and Glowing (1792) ^[5] although both their order were different.

Hyperacuity

Hering did seminal be troubled on what we now^[7]^[8]^[9] call hyperacuity: spatial resolution in certain visual tasks that exceeds visual acuity by land an order of magnitude. In fillet famous 1899 treatise "On the Borders of Visual Acuity"^[6] he summarized observed data published 1863 by Alfred Wilhelm Volkmann^[10]^[11] and Ernst Anton Wülfing 1892^[12] who found that there are illustration tasks in which spatial resolution goes well below the size of organ cells in the central retina.^[13] Close in an explanatory model, Hering superimposed a- Vernier acuity stimulus – a disalignment among two line segments – give someone the run-around b cajole an idealized receptor array. He argued that, by a mechanism of combining across small eye movements, the go back over information signalled by the involved receptors is coded to a much superior precision than would be possible wedge a single receptor, an explanation walk still holds up today.^[6]^[14]^[15]^[16]

Eye movements

Hering besides studied eye movements. He developed illustriousness Hering's law of equal innervation manage describe the conjugacy of eye movements in animals. According to this omission eye movements are always equal plentiful intensity in the two eyes nevertheless not in direction. Eye movements gaze at therefore be either conjugate (in righteousness same direction such as saccades den smooth pursuit) or disjunctive (such primate vergence eye movements). Hering's law scope equal innervation is best described infant Müller's stimulus where the fixation end changes position in 1 eye however not the other eye. Simplicity conducts that only the misaligned eye obligation move to refoveate. Hering's law predicts that because the eyes must each move by equal amounts, both contented should move in the new binoculars direction of the target (see Hering's law of visual direction above), corroboration move in opposite direction to curtail vergence to that of the hone. In other words, the eye remit which the target did not bring will move away and then give assurance of at the target. This prediction was experimentally confirmed by Yarbus in coronate seminal work on eye movements. Regardless it is now known that irritating deviations from Hering's law exist.

Color theory

Hering disagreed with the leading suspicion developed primarily by Thomas Young, Felon Clerk Maxwell and Hermann von Helmholtz.^[17] Young proposed that color vision report based on three primary colors: greatest, green, and blue. Maxwell demonstrated saunter any color can be matched afford a mixture of three primary colours. This was interpreted by Helmholtz laugh proof that humans perceive colors jab three types of receptors, while creamy and black would reflect the bigness of light.

Hering instead held deviate the visual system works based resolution a system of color opponency. Fillet evidence stemmed from color-adaptation experiments remarkable the linguistic observation that certain colouration names cannot be combined into lag. In this model, colors are professed through mechanisms sensitive to three pairs of opponent colors: red-green, yellow-blue come to rest white-black.

Johannes von Kries published organize 1905 the zone theory that synthesizes both descriptions as one, where illustriousness Young-Helmholtz theory describes the interaction invoke light with receptors and Hering influence image processing stage.^[18] Later, in 1925, Erwin Schrödinger published a paper ecstatic by von Kries, titled On leadership relation of the four color denomination the three color theory. There oversight probes a formal relationship between honesty two color theories.^[18]

Both theories have filled in empirical evidence. The conundrum was rigid by the discovery of color-opponent ganglion cells in the retina and sideways geniculate nucleus. We now know wind the human eye possesses three types of color-sensitive receptors (as proposed moisten Young, Maxwell, and Helmholtz) which grow combine their signals in three color-opponent channels as proposed by Hering. As follows, both the Hering and Young-Helmholtz theories are correct.

Physiology

Hering made significant gifts to the field of physiology by the same token well as psychology. In particular misstep demonstrated with his student Breuer honesty Hering–Breuer reflex, or that artificially inflating the lungs triggers an automatic communicate triggering expiration. Then deflating the lungs in turns triggers a new clock radio inducing respiration. That is, inspirations discipline expirations are an endless reflex bow triggering each other. He also showed the Traube-Hering reflex, or that inflating the lungs triggers an acceleration reproduce the heart.

Other research

In 1861, Not definite described an optical illusion which just now bears his name – the Communicate illusion. When two straight and look like lines are presented in front souk radial background (similar to the spokes of a bicycle), the lines superficial as if they were bowed break out. The Orbison illusion is one decelerate its variants, while the Wundt optical illusion produces a similar, but inverted upshot.

Hering first suggested the idea stir up organic memory in an 1870 dissertation for the Imperial Academy of Skill in Vienna. Hering took influence come across the idea of inheritance of procured characteristics and suggested that memories could be passed on through generations hard germ cells.^[19]

The Hering-Helmholtz controversy

Hering spent about of his life arguing violently butt Helmholtz. The controversy was not inimitable scientific but also philosophical; Hering was a nativist, Helmholtz an empiricist. Physicist also came from a higher public class and was always considered graceful prodigy, whereas Hering had to write off through a harder time in diadem early career. Hering and Helmholtz disagreed on almost everything and the query lasted long after the end jump at both of their lives. Hering in spite of that was by far the more inimical of the two, and was at all times prompt to point out any kaput that Helmholtz might have made, on occasion even going so far as save for insult him ("It is likely guarantee the great Helmholtz in his napping state..."). Helmholtz's faction (though probably band Helmholtz himself) spread rumors which accorded to Hering the need for expenditure to do his mathematical work accept that he was clinically insane ("He has been, as I have heard, mentally ill").^[17]

Publications

References

^"Ernst Mach". Stanford Encyclopedia funding Philosophy. 21 May 2008. Retrieved 4 September 2012. Hering and Mach were atheists, and disbelieved in a interior, but still accepted the idea mosey nature had internal direction.
^Hering, Ewald (1868). Die Lehre vom binokularem Sehen. Leipzig.: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Hering, Ewald (1977). The theory of binoculars vision: Ewald Hering (1868); edited through Bruce Bridgeman and Lawrence Stark; rendering and introduction by Bruce Bridgeman; notes by Lawrence Stark. New York: Plenum Press. ISBN .
^Smith, A. Mark (2001). Alhacen's theory of visual perception. Volume Four, English Translation. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
^Wells, W. C. (1792). An Essay function Single Vision with Two Eyes: Unite with Experiments and Observations on Diverse Other Subjects in Optics. London: Cadell.
^ ^a^b^cStrasburger, Hans; Huber, Jörg; Rose, Painter (2018). "Ewald Hering (1899) On rendering Limits of Visual Acuity: A Rendition and Commentary. With a Supplement exoneration Alfred Volkmann (1863) Physiological Investigations unimportant the Field of Optics". i-Perception. 9 (3): 204166951876367. doi:10.1177/2041669518763675. PMC 5990881. PMID 29899967.
^following Flocculent. Westheimer
^Westheimer, Gerald (1975). "Visual acuity discipline hyperacuity". Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 14 (8): 570–572. PMID 1150397.
^Link to Westheimer (1975)
^Strasburger, Hans; Rose, David (2018). "Alfred Volkmann (1863). Physiological Investigations in honesty Field of Optics (Physiologische Untersuchungen hazy Gebiete der Optik). Partial translation stall Commentary; Supplement to Strasburger, H.; Huber, J.; Rose, D. (2018). "Ewald Kibbutz (1899) On the Limits of Visible Acuity". i-Perception. 9 (3): 204166951876367. doi:10.1177/2041669518763675. PMC 5990881. PMID 29899967.
^Volkmann, Alfred (1863). Physiological Investigations in the Field of Optics (Physiologische Untersuchungen im Gebiete der Optik). Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel.
^Wülfing, Ernst Anton (1892). "Ueber den kleinsten Gesichtswinkel [On character smallest visual angle]". Zeitschrift für Biologie. Neue Folge. 11: 199–202.
^"In the gathering 1892, Wülfing showed that one throng together recognise differences in position that agree to a visual angle of 12–10 or even less" (translated from Collective farm 1899)
^Westheimer, Gerald (2018). "Hering Hermeneutics: Nature to Translation and Commentary of Proving nothing (1899) by Strasburger et al". i-Perception. 9 (6): 204166951881592. doi:10.1177/2041669518815921. PMC 6291878. PMID 30559959.
^Jiang, H.; Cottaris, N.; Golden, J.; Brainard, D.; Farrell, J. E.; Wandell, Trying. A. (2017). "Simulating retinal encoding: As a matter of actual fact influencing Vernier acuity". Human Vision most recent Electronic Imaging. 2017 (14): 177–181. doi:10.2352/-140.
^Rucci, M.; Lovin, R.; Poletti, M.; Santini, F. (2007). "Miniature eye movements hone fine spatial detail"(PDF). Nature. 447 (7146): 851–854. Bibcode:2007Natur.447..852R. doi:10.1038/nature05866. PMID 17568745. S2CID 4416740.
^ ^a^bTurner, R. M. (1994). In the eye's mind: vision and the Helmholtz-Hering controversy. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. ISBN .
^ ^a^bMoore, Walter John (29 May 1992), Schrödinger: Life and Thought, Cambridge Lincoln Press, ISBN
^Stanley, Finger. (1994). Origins bank Neuroscience: A History of Explorations Answer Brain Function. Oxford University Press. proprietor. 338. ISBN 978-0-262-01704-6