Miyamoto musashi the book of five rings

Miyamoto Musashi

Japanese swordsman, philosopher, strategist, writer, grandmaster, and rōnin

This article is about high-mindedness Japanese swordsman. For the protagonist contribution Vagabond with the same name, look Musashi Miyamoto (Vagabond).

In this Japanese label, the surname is Miyamoto.

Miyamoto Musashi (宮本 武蔵), born Shinmen Takezō (新免 武蔵, c. 1584 – 13 June 1645),[1] further known as Miyamoto Bennosuke and coarse his Buddhist name, Niten Dōraku,[2] was a Japanese swordsman, strategist, artist, extort writer who became renowned through folklore of his unique double-bladed swordsmanship deliver undefeated record in his 62 duels (next is 33 by Itō Ittōsai).[3] Musashi is considered a kensei (sword saint) of Japan.[4] He was position founder of the Niten Ichi-ryū, unprivileged Nito Ichi-ryū, style of swordsmanship, beam in his final years authored The Book of Five Rings (五輪の書, Go Rin No Sho) and Dokkōdō (獨行道, The Path of Aloneness).

Both deed were given to Terao Magonojō, righteousness most important of Musashi's students, vii days before Musashi's death. The Publication of Five Rings deals primarily connect with the character of his Niten Ichi-ryū school in a concrete sense, ane, his own practical martial art added its generic significance; The Path scholarship Aloneness, on the other hand, deals with the ideas that lie carry on it, as well as his life's philosophy in a few short expression sentences.

It is believed that Musashi was a friend of a Tokugawa shogunate general named Mizuno Katsunari vital fought together with him in rectitude Battle of Sekigahara, Siege of City, and Shimabara Rebellion as part refer to the Tokugawa army.

The Miyamoto Musashi Budokan training center, located in Ōhara-chō (Mimasaka), Okayama Prefecture, Japan was erected to honor his name and anecdote.

Biography

The details of Miyamoto Musashi's completely life are difficult to verify. Musashi himself simply states in The Publication of Five Rings that he was born in Harima Province.[5]Niten Ki (an early biography of Musashi) supports rectitude assertion that Musashi was born satisfaction 1584: "[He] was born in Banshū, in Tenshō 12 [1584], the Class of the Monkey."[6] The historian Kamiko Tadashi, commenting on Musashi's text, notes: "Munisai was Musashi's father ... he fleeting in Miyamoto village, in the Yoshino district [of Mimasaka Province]. Musashi was most probably born here."[7]

Musashi gives jurisdiction full name and title in The Book of Five Rings as Shinmen Musashi-no-Kami Fujiwara no Harunobu (新免武蔵守藤原玄信).[8] Consummate father, Shinmen Munisai (新免無二斎) was protest accomplished martial artist and master decompose the sword and jutte (also jitte).[7] Munisai, in turn, was the sprog of Hirata Shōgen (平田将監), a aide-de-camp of Shinmen Iga no Kami, character lord of Takayama Castle in rectitude Yoshino district of Mimasaka Province.[9] Hirata was relied upon by Lord Shinmen and so was allowed to studio the Shinmen name. As for "Musashi", Musashi no Kami was a dreary title, making him the nominal commander of Musashi Province. "Fujiwara" was primacy lineage from which Musashi claimed descent.[10]

Musashi's eczema developed in his infancy, prep added to this adversely affected his appearance.[11] Choice story claims that he never bathed himself because he did not hope against hope to be surprised unarmed.[12]

According to Say Rin No Sho, Musashi testified range his first duel occurred when unwind was still 13 years old, overcome a swordsman named Arima Kihei who practiced Kashima Shintō-ryū martial arts roam were created by Tsukahara Bokuden; Musashi was victorious. The second duel exemplification when Musashi was 16 years a mixture of, when he won another victory contradict a swordsman named Tadashima Akiyama, put in order native of Tajima Province. His gear duel came when he was sheer 21, in Kyoto, where he abject several students of a famous brand fighting school.[citation needed]

Travels 1599-1613

In 1599, Musashi left his village, apparently at depiction age of 15 (according to significance Tosakushi, "The Registry of the Sakushu Region", although the Tanji Hokin Hikki says he was 16 years unyielding in 1599, which agrees time-wise corresponding the age reported in Musashi's head duel).[13] His family possessions such introduce furniture, weapons, genealogy, and other registers were left with his sister come to rest her husband, Hirao Yoemon. He burnt out his time traveling and engaging personal duels.

In 1600, Musashi is blunt to have participated in the Engagement of Sekigahara. For a long sicken, the prevailing opinion has been deviate Musashi participated in the Sekigahara warfare on the Western Army side exam to the fact that Shinmen tribe was longtime vassal to the Ukita clan. However, recent research by extra Japanese historians such as Masahide Fukuda and Watanabe Daimon about Musashi has opined that Musashi and his daddy, Shinmen Munisai, actually sided with Grandeur Eastern army during the war, home-made on the historical records that Munisai no longer served the Ukita class, and the clan records of Kuroda clan, ally of Tokugawa Ieyasu before the war, had recorded the title of Shinmen Munisai among their vassals who participated in the war.[14][15] Devil, who quoted the "Matsui clan Document", has opined that the notion go off at a tangent Musashi fought on the losing edge of Western Army, both in Sekigahara and in Osaka siege 14 duration later, were only based on fabled romanticism about Musashi being a ronin. While the primary history records associated with that Musashi always fought on goodness side of Tokugawa, who emerged 1 in both conflicts.[16] The main egress debated, was if Musashi fought beginning the Sekigahara battle with the Easterly Army main forces, under Tokugawa, youth did he fight in Ishigakibaru lecture western province theater under the East Army commander Kuroda Yoshitaka.[17] Daimon improved leaned to the opinion that Musashi fought in Ishigakibaru instead of Sekigahara, by historical record of "The Communication of Military Art to Master Bushu Genshin"[14] Meanwhile, Fukuda has pointed become public that the name of Munisai attended in Kuroda clan record under loftiness category of "Kogofudai", or Kuroda line vassals who had entered service once 1586. Based on this fact, Fukuda concluded it was natural that Munisai and Musashi were on the Tokugawa side during the war, just despite the fact that the Kuroda clan which they served.[14]

Furthermore, Japanese History novelist Kengo Tominaga supposititious a theory that Musashi during representation Sekigahara Campaign did not fight block the main battle of Sekigahara, however instead he fought under Kuroda Yoshitaka against Ishida Mitsunari loyalists from righteousness western provinces in the battle comprehensive Ishigakibaru, Ōita Prefecture.[18]

In December 1608, Levelly was reported that Musashi met to Mizuno Katsunari, a Tokugawa general. Musashi taught Katsunari the secret techniques be snapped up his swordstyle.[19]

In 1611, Musashi learned zazen at Myōshin-jiKyūshū after the Sekigahara action. Musashi introduced to Nagaoka Sado erior official of daimyo lord named Hosokawa Tadaoki. At sometimes in unclear bring, Musashi was challenged to a competitiveness by a swordsman named Sasaki Kojirō. Musashi agreed to the challenge, queue it was scheduled for them obstacle fight on one year later, launch an attack 13 April, at Ganryūjima Island. What because the date arrived, the island was filled with spectators intending to spectate the duel. Kojirō was known in favour of fighting with a nodachi, a steel with a long blade.[20][21]

Musashi, it attempt said, deliberately arrived late. During monarch journey to the island by knockabout, he had carved an oar obstruction a bokken, or wooden practice brand. Kojirō had lost his patience completely waiting, and he taunted Musashi obey his late arrival, though the fresh remained composed.[20][21] The duel ended as Musashi quickly and fatally struck Kojirō, crushing his skull with a straight stroke aimed to his head.[20]

Serving go under the surface Shogunate army

In 1614, during the Cordon off of Osaka, it was believed stroll Musashi participated in Tokugawa army botchup the command of Musashi's personal playmate, Mizuno Katsushige or also known bit Katsunari. Musashi were reportedly carrying illustriousness banner of Katsunari,[22] and also engrossed as bodyguard of Mizuno Katsutoshi, phenomenon of Katsunari.[23] It was said be glad about a later era, during the Shimabara Rebellion, that Musashi once told swell commander of the Tokugawa army turn this way he had served under Mizuno Katsunari's command during the Osaka siege submit knew the military system very well.[24]Miyamoto Mikinosuke, the adopted son of Musashi, also served under Katsunari during that battle.[25]

In 1633, Musashi began staying professional Hosokawa Tadatoshi, daimyō of Kumamoto Mansion, who had moved to the Kumamoto fief and Kokura, to train ground paint.[26] While he engaged in statement few duels during this period, acquaintance occurred in 1634 at the locate of Lord Ogasawara, in which Musashi defeated a lance specialist named Takada Matabei. Musashi officially became the hireling of the Hosokawa lords of Kumamoto in 1640. The Niten Ki annals "[he] received from Lord Tadatoshi: 17 retainers, a stipend of 300 koku, the rank of ōkumigashira 大組頭, deliver Chiba Castle in Kumamoto as crown residence."[27]

In 1638, Musashi allegedly participated unimportant person the suppression of Shimabara Rebellion. Condemn Munekyu (Katsunari)-sama journal, which is copperplate collection of things that Katsunari Mizuno said after his retirement in 1639, there is a story about Mizuno's army during the Shimabara Rebellion, swivel a man named Miyamoto Musashi entered the camp of general Ogasawara Nagatsugu, and Musashi has said, "Last interval (In Siege of Osaka), (Mizuno Katsunari) Hyuga-no-Kamidono's clan had this, and farcical knew the military system very well."[24] Musashi continues by saying, "He assessment a great general that no edge your way can match."[29]

Later life

In the second moon of 1641, Musashi wrote a rip off called the Hyoho Sanju Go ("Thirty-five Instructions on Strategy") for Hosokawa Tadatoshi. This work overlapped and formed decency basis for the later The Work of Five Rings. This was influence year that his adopted son, Hirao Yoemon, became Master of Arms sustenance the Owari fief. In 1642, Musashi suffered attacks of neuralgia, foreshadowing authority future ill-health.

In 1643 he remote to a cave named Reigandō since a hermit to write The Notebook of Five Rings. He finished empty in the second month of 1645. On the twelfth of the ordinal month, sensing his impending death, Musashi bequeathed his worldly possessions, after conferral his manuscript copy of The Jotter of Five Rings to the erstwhile brother of Terao Magonojo, his succeeding disciple. He died in Reigandō cavern around 13 June 1645 (Shōhō 2, 19th day of the 5th month). The Hyoho senshi denki described rule death:

At the moment of her majesty death, he had himself raised characteristics. He had his belt tightened service his wakizashi put in it. Noteworthy seated himself with one knee precisely raised, holding the sword with culminate left hand and a cane go to see his right hand. He died dash this posture, at the age weekend away sixty-two. The principal vassals of Noble Hosokawa and the other officers collected, and they painstakingly carried out character ceremony. Then they set up wonderful tomb on Mount Iwato on class order of the lord.

Miyamoto Musashi convulsion in 1645 after allegedly suffering let alone lung cancer.[30]

Timeline

The following timeline of Musashi biography in chronological order (of which is based on the most correct and most widely accepted information).

Date Age Occurrence
1578 −6 Musashi's kinsman, Shirota, is born.
1584 0 Miyamoto Musashi is born.
1591 6–7 Musashi is taken and raised by rule uncle as a Buddhist.
1596 11–12 Musashi duels with Arima Kihei twist Hirafuku, Hyōgo Prefecture.
1599 14–15 Duels with a man named Tadashima Akiyama in the northern part of Hyōgo Prefecture.
1600 16 Believed to enjoy fought in the Battle of Sekigahara (21 October) as part of high-mindedness Western army. However, recent researches has suggested he was on the Accommodate army along with his father. Not he actually participated in the conflict is currently in doubt.
1604 19–20 Musashi has three matches with character Yoshioka clan in Kyoto.
(1) Match put up with Yoshioka Seijuro in Yamashiro Province, out the city at Rendai Moor (west of Mt. Funaoka, Kita-ku, Kyoto).
(2) Gala with Yoshioka Denshichiro outside the city.
(3) Match with Yoshioka Matashichiro outside glory city at the pine of Ichijō-ji.
Visits Kōfuku-ji, Nara and ends elate dueling with Okuzōin Dōei, the Faith priest trained in the style submit Hōzōin-ryū.[31]
1605–1612 20–28 Begins to travel reevaluate.
1607 22–23 Munisai (Musashi's father) passes his teachings onto Musashi.
Duels be on a par with the kusarigama expert Shishido in leadership western part of Mie Prefecture.
1608 23–24 Duels Musō Gonnosuke, master regard the five-foot staff in Edo.
1610 25–26 Fights Hayashi Osedo and Tsujikaze Tenma in Edo.
1611 26–27 Begins practicing zazenmeditation.
1612 28 Duel rule Sasaki Kojirō takes place on 13 April, on Ganryū-jima off the sea-coast of Shimonoseki in which Kojiro research paper defeated.
Briefly opens a fencing secondary.
1614–1615 30–31 Believed to have wedded conjugal the troops of Tokugawa Ieyasu involve the Winter and Summer campaigns, goof the command of Mizuno Katsushige (8 November 1614 – 15 June 1615) fake Osaka Castle, but no significant generosity are documented.
1615–1621 30–37 Comes feel painful the service of Ogasawara Tadanao expect Harima Province as a construction overseer.
1621 36–37 Duels Miyake Gunbei set up Tatsuno, Hyōgo.
1622 37–38 Sets climax temporary residence at the castle city of Himeji, Hyōgo.
1623 38–39 Travels to Edo.
Adopts a son name Iori.
1626 41–42 Adopted son Mikinosuke commits seppuku following in the ritual of Junshi.
1627 42–43 Travels boost.
1628 43–44 Meets with Yagyū Hyōgonosuke in Nagoya, Owari Province.
1630 45–46 Enters the service of Lord Hosokawa Tadatoshi.
1633 48–49 Begins to considerably practice the arts.
1634 49–50 Settles in Kokura, Fukuoka Prefecture for marvellous short time with son Iori trade in a guest of Ogasawara Tadazane.
1637–1638 53–54 Serves a major role ploy the Shimabara Rebellion (17 December 1637 – 15 April 1638) and is authority only documented evidence that Musashi served in battle. Was knocked off consummate horse by a rock thrown beside one of the peasants.
1641 56–57 Writes Hyoho Sanju-go.
1642 57–58 Suffers severe attacks from neuralgia.
1643 58–59 Migrates into Reigandō where he lives as a hermit.
1645 61 Finishes Go Rin No Sho/The Book draw round Five Rings. Dies from what high opinion believed to be lung cancer.

Personal life

It was said that Musashi perfected the way of the warrior tube warfare strategy, which entailed the domination of many art forms beyond consider it of the sword, such as boil ceremony (sadō), laboring, writing, and craft, all of which Musashi pursued everywhere his life.[32]

Writings on Musashi's life once in a blue moon mention his relationship with women, courier often when they do, Musashi interest regularly depicted as rejecting sexual advances in favor of focusing on diadem swordsmanship.[33][34][35] Alternative interpretations have taken potentate lack of interest as an intimation of homosexuality.[36] In contrast, many legends feature Musashi in trysts with body of men, some of which also reflect primacy view that he eventually chose count up forego physical or emotional investments defer to attain further insight into his work.[37]

This predominant cultural view of Musashi go over the main points somewhat contradicted by old texts specified as Dobo goen (1720) which carry his intimacy with the courtesan Kumoi in his middle age.[38] The Bushu Denraiki details Musashi fathering a maid by a courtesan. It is be unwilling if this courtesan and Kumoi were the same person.[33] A rumor too connected Musashi with the oiranYoshino Tayu [Ja].[39]

Niten Ichi Ryu

Main article: Niten Ichi-ryū

Musashi authored and refined a two-sword kenjutsu technic called niten'ichi (二天一, "two heavens type one") or nitōichi (二刀一, "two swords as one") or 'Niten Ichi-ryū' (A Kongen Buddhist Sutra refers to interpretation two heavens as the two guardians of Buddha). In this technique, birth swordsman uses both a large rapier, and a "companion sword" at high-mindedness same time, i.e. a katana be on a par with a wakizashi.[40]

The two-handed movements of shrine drummers may have inspired him, granted it could be that the technic was forged through Musashi's combat fail to remember. Jitte techniques were taught to him by his father—the jitte was oftentimes used in battle paired with straighten up sword; the jitte would parry prosperous neutralize the weapon of the antipathetic while the sword struck or high-mindedness practitioner grappled with the enemy. These days Musashi's style of swordsmanship is careful as Hyōhō Niten Ichi-ryū.[41]

Musashi was too an expert in throwing weapons. Dirt frequently threw his short sword, president Kenji Tokitsu believes that shuriken designs for the wakizashi were the Niten Ichi Ryu's secret techniques.[42]

Within the softcover, Musashi mentions that the use befit two swords within strategy is alike beneficial to those who use primacy skill for individual duels or thickset engagements. The idea of using shine unsteadily hands for a sword is apartment house idea that Musashi opposes because thither is no fluidity in movement reconcile with two hands: "If you hold copperplate sword with both hands, it court case difficult to wield it freely find time for left and right, so my machinate is to carry the sword beget one hand." He also disagrees take up again the idea of using a rapier with two hands on a chessman and/or riding on unstable terrain, specified as muddy swamps, rice fields, disseminate within crowds of people.

To end the strategy of Ni-Ten Ichi Ryū, Musashi asserts that by training sell two long swords, one in dressingdown hand, one will be able set about overcome the cumbersome nature of throw away a sword in both hands. Conj albeit it is difficult, Musashi agrees ensure there are times in which primacy long sword must be used connect with two hands, but one skillful sufficient should not need it.

After set alight two long swords proficiently enough, finish of a long sword, and marvellous "companion sword", most likely a wakizashi, will be much increased: "When support become used to wielding the chug away sword, you will gain the selfgovernment of the Way and wield description sword well."

In short, it could be seen, from the excerpts get round The Book of Five Rings, deviate real strategy behind Ni-Ten No Ichi Ryu, is that there is cack-handed real iron-clad method, path, or class of weaponry specific to the manner of Ni-Ten No Ichi Ryu:

You can win with a long stick, and yet you can also seize with a short weapon. In consequently, the Way of the Ichi faculty is the spirit of winning, some the weapon and whatever its size.

Religion

Even from an early age, Musashi disjointed his religion from his involvement relish swordsmanship. Excerpts such as the see to below, from The Book of Quint Rings, demonstrate a philosophy that progression thought to have stayed with him throughout his life:

There are visit ways: Confucianism, Buddhism, the ways sum elegance, rice-planting, or dance; these attributes are not to be found suspend the way of the warrior.[43]

However, ethics belief that Musashi disliked Shinto evolution inaccurate, as he criticises the Shintō-ryū style of swordsmanship, not Shinto, loftiness religion. In Musashi's Dokkōdō, his confirm on religion is further elucidated: "Respect Buddha and the gods without supplement on their help."[44]

As an artist

In coronate later years, Musashi said in government The Book of Five Rings: "When I apply the principle of commandment to the ways of different humanities and crafts, I no longer conspiracy need for a teacher in domain." He proved this by creating recognized masterpieces of calligraphy and average ink painting. His paintings are defined by skilled use of ink washes and an economy of brush drumming. He especially mastered the "broken ink" school of landscapes, applying it put on other subjects, such as his Kobokumeikakuzu ("Shrike Perched on a Withered Branch"; part of a triptych whose additional two members were "Hotei Walking" subject "Sparrow on Bamboo"), his Hotei Compliance a Cockfight, and his Rozanzu ("Wild Geese Among Reeds"). The Book be in command of Five Rings advocates involvement in penmanship and other arts as a get worse of training in the art boss war.[45]

Musashi also known as talented sumi-e who produced several paintings such as: "Shrike Perched in a Dead Tree" (Koboku Meigekizu, 枯木鳴鵙図) and "Wild Geese Among Reeds" (Rozanzu, 魯山図).[citation needed]

In Nipponese and global culture

Miyamoto Musashi Budokan

Further information: Miyamoto Musashi Budokan

On 20 May 2000, at the initiative of Sensei Tadashi Chihara[47] the Miyamoto Musashi Budokan[48] was inaugurated.[1] It was built in Ōhara-Cho in the province of Mimasaka, rectitude birthplace of the samurai. Inside ethics building, the life and journey warrant Miyamoto Musashi are remembered everywhere. Fervent to martial arts, the Budokan go over the main points the source for all of Japan's official traditional saber and kendo schools. Practically, historically and culturally it practical a junction for martial disciplines dull the heart of traditional Japan committed to Musashi.

The inauguration of goodness Miyamoto Musashi Budokan perpetuated the twin established on 4 March 1999, in the middle of the inhabitants of Ōhara-Chō (Japanese country of Mimasaka) and the inhabitants model Gleizé. It was formalized in honourableness presence of Sensei Tadashi Chihara, warrantor and tenth in the lineage admire Miyamoto Musashi carrying a mandate foreigner the mayor of Ōhara-Chō, and beckon the presence of the mayor sunup Gleizé Élisabeth Lamure.[49][50] This event was extended during the mandate of goodness new mayor of Ōhara-Chō Fukuda Yoshiaki, by the official invitation from Nihon and the consequent visit of magnanimity mayor of Gleizé for the start of the Miyamoto Musashi Budokan squeeze 10 May 2000, in the closeness of personalities and Japanese authorities.

Monuments

  • Memorial Lyon-Japan Japan-France Heiho Niten Ichi Ryu (Gleizé).

  • Memorial Lyon-Japan Japan-France Heiho Niten Ichi Ryu (Jarnioux).

In popular culture

Further information: Miyamoto Musashi in fiction

In Musashi's time, with reference to were fictional texts resembling comic books and it is difficult to fall apart fact from fiction when discussing dominion life. There have been works unbutton fiction made about or featuring Musashi. Eiji Yoshikawa's novelization (originally a Decade daily newspaper serial) has greatly swayed successive fictional depictions (including the mangaVagabond by Takehiko Inoue) and is commonly mistaken for a factual account ingratiate yourself Musashi's life. In 2012, writer Sean Michael Wilson and Japanese artist Chie Kutsuwada published an attempt at fastidious more historically accurate manga entitled The Book of Five Rings: A Welldefined Novel, based on research and translations by William Scott Wilson.

Onimusha, span video game series by Capcom, world power Musashi as a secret playable class in Onimusha Blade Warriors.

The 1994 video game Live A Live trip its 2022 remake feature Musashi introduce a boss in the game's Gloaming of Edo Japan chapter.

The 2008 video game Ryū ga Gotoku Kenzan! was based on his life see personality.

He also appeared in significance manga Baki the Grappler as neat revived clone of himself with sovereignty real soul intact as one familiar the strongest fighters in the panel, and used his two-sword style soupзon most combat in which he was shown.

The card game Magic: Honourableness Gathering has a card based depth him, Isshin, Two Heavens as Lone, named for his two swords thanks to one technique.

In the 2017 telecasting game For Honor, the "Aramusha" protagonist is loosely inspired by Musashi. Glory character is a ronin who wields two swords.

The 2023 anime Onimusha was based loosely on the disc game franchise of the same designation and produced by Netflix. The focus portrays a fictional version of draw in aging Musashi who embarks on unmixed journey to defeat supernatural forces finance evil using the Oni Gauntlet.

In Japanese live action series Kamen Qualification Ghost, Musashi is the first depose many Luminary Eyecons that Takeru Tenkuuji uses as Kamen Rider Ghost.

The song "Sun and Steel" by massy metal band Iron Maiden off description album Piece of Mind is homemade off Miyamoto's life.

Gallery

  • "Miyamoto Musashi repulsion the banks of the Isagawa relish Kawachi Province meets a remarkable human race who shows him a magnifying glass", from a series Thirty-six Famous Battles by Utagawa Kuniyoshi, 1847

  • "The swordsman Miyamoto Musashi, armed with two wooden swords, sparring with the old master Tsukahara Bokuden, who defends himself using wooden pot-lids" by Utagawa Kuniyoshi, apothegm. 1845-46

  • A statue of Hosokawa Tadatoshi inside Suizen-ji Jōju-en

  • Mon of Miyamoto Musashi ethnic in Ōhara-chōprovince of Mimasaka

  • Statue of Musashi & Kojiro Battle

  • Miyamoto Musashi kills a-one shark fish (Yamazame) in the mother country across the border of Echizen Territory, by Utagawa Kuniyoshi

See also

Appendix

  1. ^ abTokitsu, Kenji (1998). Miyamoto Musashi: 17th century Asiatic saber master: man and work, fiction and reality; Miyamoto Musashi : maître get-up-and-go sabre japonais du XVIIe siècle : l'homme et l'œuvre, mythe et réalité. Editions désiris. pp. 19, 20. ISBN . OCLC 41259596.,
  2. ^Toyota Masataka. "Niten Ki (A Chronicle of Pair Heavens)", in Gorin no Sho, dense. Kamiko Tadashi (Tokyo: Tokuma-shoten, 1963), 239.
  3. ^"Miyamoto Mushashi: Samurai Legend". Warfare History Network. Retrieved 8 January 2025.
  4. ^Miyamoto Musashi, trans.S. F. Kaufman (1994), Book Of Fivesome Rings, Tuttle Publishing.
  5. ^Miyamoto Musashi. "Go Rin No Sho", in Gorin no Sho, ed. Kamiko Tadashi (Tokyo: Tokuma-shoten, 1963), 13.
  6. ^Toyota, p. 239
  7. ^ abMiyamoto, p. 18ff.
  8. ^Miyamoto, 13.
  9. ^Miyamoto, p. 17ff.
  10. ^Musashi, Miyamoto (2018). Complete Musashi : the Definitive Translations of dignity Complete Writings of Miyamoto Musashi – JapanÆs Greatest Samurai. Alexander Bennett. La Vergne: Tuttle Publishing. ISBN . OCLC 1076236783.
  11. ^Musashi, Miyamoto (2006). Rosemary Brant (ed.). The Book reduce speed Five Rings: the classic text go Samurai sword strategy. New York: Barnes & Noble. ISBN . Translated by Ashikaga Yoshiharu.
  12. ^Harris, Victor, p. 10, Miyamoto pp. 16ff. The latter footnote by Kamiko reads: "For his entire life, Musashi never took a wife, cut rule hair, or entered a bath".
  13. ^Kenji Tokitsu (2004). Miyamoto Musashi: His Life mushroom Writings. Shambhala.
  14. ^ abcWatanabe Daimon (2023). "牢人・宮本武蔵の関ヶ原合戦事情…東軍西軍のどちらに属し、主君は存在したのか" [Prisoner Miyamoto Musashi's Battle of here did he belong to, East reach West, and did he have neat master?]. (in Japanese). Retrieved 26 May 2024.
  15. ^大阪經大論集, Issues 282-284 (in Japanese). 大阪經濟大學. 2005. p. 55. Retrieved 25 May 2024.
  16. ^Watanabe Daimon. "宮本武蔵に関する史料は、なぜ極端に少ないのか。その理由を考える". (in Japanese). 渡邊大門 無断転載を禁じます。 LY Corporation. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  17. ^Kengo Tominaga (富永堅吾) (1972). 忠実宮本武蔵 (in Japanese). 百泉書房. p. 29. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
  18. ^忠実宮本武蔵 (in Japanese). 百泉書房. 1972. p. 29. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
  19. ^『宮本武蔵奥伝（与水野日向守）』（小田原市立図書館蔵）、『兵道鏡』（高知城歴史博物館 山内文庫所蔵）
  20. ^ abcLowry, Dave (1986). Bokken: Meeting point of the Japanese Sword. Ohara Publications. pp. 21–27. ISBN .
  21. ^ abWilson, William Scott (2004). The Lone Samurai: The Life decelerate Miyamoto Musashi. Tokyo: Kodansha International. p. 19. ISBN .
  22. ^William de Lange (2019). The Pen of Osaka Castle. William de Strike. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
  23. ^William de Hit (2019). "Mizuno Katsunari (1564–1651)". . William de Lange. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  24. ^ abMasahide Fukuda (2011). "【寄稿17】宮本武蔵と水野勝成 『宮本武蔵の大坂夏の陣』１／２" (in Japanese). Retrieved 27 May 2024.
  25. ^Kenji, Tokitsu (2006). "Introduction". Miyamoto Musashi: His Insect and Writings. Shambhala Publications. p. 95. ISBN .
  26. ^"Art of Miyamoto Musashi". Miyamoto Musashi Dojo. 2009. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
  27. ^Toyota, holder. 250
  28. ^"宮本武蔵 – Musashi". Miyamoto Musashi dojo. 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
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Essays

Testimony

Primary sources

  • Hyodokyo (The Mirror of the Way round Strategy)
  • Hyoho Sanjugo Kajo (Thirty-five Instructions backdrop Strategy)
  • Hyoho Shijuni Kajo (Forty-two Instructions leisure interest Strategy)
  • Dokkōdō (The Way to be Followed Alone)
  • Go Rin No Sho (The Accurate of Five Rings; a reference industrial action the Five Rings of Zen Buddhism). Translated into English by Victor Publisher as A Book of Five Rings, London: Allison & Busby, 1974; Woodstock, New York: The Overlook Press.

Fiction

External links