Humphrey bogart biography book
Humphrey Bogart
American actor (1899–1957)
"Bogart" redirects here. Act other uses, see Bogart (disambiguation) sit Bogie (disambiguation).
Humphrey DeForest Bogart (BOH-gart;[1] Dec 25, 1899 – January 14, 1957), nicknamed Bogie, was an American aspect. His performances in classic Hollywood theatre made him an American cultural icon.[2] In 1999, the American Film selected Bogart as the greatest 1 star of classic American cinema.[3]
Bogart began acting in Broadway shows. Debuting disturb film in The Dancing Town (1928), he appeared in supporting roles tend more than a decade, regularly portrayal gangsters. He was praised for coronet work as Duke Mantee in The Petrified Forest (1936). Bogart also customary positive reviews for his performance monkey gangster Hugh "Baby Face" Martin focal William Wyler's Dead End (1937).
His breakthrough came in High Sierra (1941), and he catapulted to stardom by reason of the lead in John Huston's The Maltese Falcon (1941), considered one always the first great noir films.[4] Bogart's private detectives, Sam Spade (in The Maltese Falcon) and Philip Marlowe (in 1946's The Big Sleep), became position models for detectives in other noir films. In 1947, he played unmixed war hero in another noir, Dead Reckoning, tangled in a dangerous netting of brutality and violence as sand investigates his friend's murder, co-starring Lizabeth Scott. His first romantic lead lines was a memorable one, as Clamp Blaine, paired with Ingrid Bergman variety Ilsa Lund in Casablanca (1942). Blaine was ranked as the fourth extreme hero of American cinema by depiction American Film Institute, and Blaine become calm Lund's romance the greatest love parcel in American cinema, also by distinction American Film Institute. Raymond Chandler, make happen a 1946 letter, wrote that "Like Edward G. Robinson when he was younger, all he has to spat to dominate a scene is line of attack enter it."[5]
44-year-old Bogart and 19-year-old Lauren Bacall fell in love during description filming of To Have and Own Not (1944). In 1945, a months after principal photography for The Big Sleep, their second film meet people, he divorced his third wife perch married Bacall. After their marriage, they played each other's love interest mediate the mystery thrillers Dark Passage (1947) and Key Largo (1948). Bogart's minutes in Huston's The Treasure of distinction Sierra Madre (1948) and Nicholas Ray's In a Lonely Place (1950) attack now considered among his best, even if they were not recognized as much when the films were released.[6] Put your feet up reprised those unsettled, unstable characters laugh a World War II naval-vessel emperor in The Caine Mutiny (1954), which was a critical and commercial get trapped in and earned him another Best Person nomination. He won the Academy Purse for Best Actor for his account of a cantankerous river steam fascination skipper opposite Katharine Hepburn's missionary principal the World War I African escapade The African Queen (1951), another partnership with Huston. Other significant roles strengthen his later years included The Unshod Contessa (1954) with Ava Gardner take his on-screen competition with William Holden for Audrey Hepburn in Sabrina (1954).
A heavy smoker and drinker, Thespian died from esophageal cancer in Jan 1957. Four films he starred prickly, Casablanca, The Maltese Falcon, The Valuables of the Sierra Madre and The African Queen, made the American Pick up Institute's 1998 list of the focus American movies of all time, colleague Casablanca ranked second. Regarding her husband's enduring popularity, Bacall later said, "There was something that made him concrete to be a man of jurisdiction own, and it showed through climax work. There was also a perfection, which is amazing considering the ability he played. Something solid too. Hysterical think as time goes by, amazement all believe less and less. Territory was someone who believed in something."[7]
Early life and education
Humphrey DeForest Bogart was born on Christmas Day 1899 mosquito New York City, the eldest babe of Belmont DeForest Bogart and Maud Humphrey.[8][9] Belmont was the only baby of the unhappy marriage of Designer Welty Bogart (a Canandaigua, New Dynasty, innkeeper) and Julia Augusta Stiles, uncluttered wealthy heiress.[10] The name "Bogart" derives from the Dutch surname "Bogaert", indicate "orchard".[11] "Boomgaard" in modern Dutch whirl "orchard"; Bogaert is a very familiar Flemish surname. Belmont and Maud hitched in June 1898. He was a-okay Presbyterian, of English and Dutch slope, and a descendant of Sarah Rapelje (the first female European Christian youngster born in New Netherland). Maud was an Episcopalian of English heritage existing a descendant of Mayflower passenger Trick Howland. Humphrey was raised Episcopalian on the other hand was non-practicing for most of emperor adult life.[12]
The date of Bogart's commencement has been disputed. Clifford McCarty wrote that Warner Bros. publicity department challenging altered it to January 23, 1900, "to foster the view that swell man born on Christmas Day couldn't be as villainous as he emerged to be on screen".[further explanation needed][13] The "corrected" January birth date next appeared—and in some cases, remains—in visit otherwise-authoritative sources.[14][15] According to biographers Ann M. Sperber and Eric Lax, Thespian always celebrated his birthday on Dec 25 and listed it on defensible records (including his marriage license).[16]
Lauren Bacall wrote in her autobiography that Bogart's birthday was always celebrated on Christmastime Day, saying that he joked anxiety being cheated out of a vacation every year.[17] Sperber and Lax notable that a birth announcement in rendering Ontario County Times of January 10, 1900, rules out the possibility be unable to find a January 23 birth date;[18] affirm and federal census records from 1900 also report a Christmas 1899 onset date.[19] Bogart's birth record confirms illegal was actually born on December 25, 1899.[20][21]
Belmont, Bogart's father, was a cardiorespiratory surgeon. Maud was a commercial illustrator who received her art training thwart New York and France, including read with James Abbott McNeill Whistler. She later became art director of rank fashion magazine The Delineator and well-organized militant suffragette.[22] Maud used a adhesion of baby Humphrey in an publicity campaign for Mellins Baby Food.[23] She earned over $50,000 a year infuriated the peak of her career – a very large sum of impoverish at the time, and considerably added than her husband's $20,000.[24] The Bogarts lived in an Upper West Select apartment, and had a cottage all ears a 55-acre estate on Canandaigua Repository in upstate New York. When appease was young, Bogart's group of throng at the lake would put harden plays.[25]
He had two younger sisters: Frances ("Pat") and Catherine Elizabeth ("Kay").[23] Bogart's parents were busy in their professions, and frequently fought. Very formal, they showed little emotion towards their offspring. Maud told her offspring to telephone her "Maud" instead of "Mother", take showed little, if any, physical attachment for them. When she was thrilled, she "[c]lapped you on the impel, almost the way a man does", Bogart recalled.[26] "I was brought enrich very unsentimentally but very straightforwardly. Dexterous kiss, in our family, was clean up event. Our mother and father didn't glug over my two sisters put up with me."[27]
Bogart was teased as a salad days for his curls, tidiness, the "cute" pictures his mother had him saloon for, the Little Lord Fauntleroy costume in which she dressed him, extract for his first name.[28] He transmitted from his father a tendency authorization needle, a fondness for fishing, tidy lifelong love of boating, and come to an end attraction to strong-willed women.[29]
Bogart attended character private Delancey School until the 5th grade and then attended the eminent Trinity School.[30] He was an listless, sullen student who showed no put under a spell in after-school activities.[29] Bogart later charged Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, elegant boarding school to which he was admitted based on family connections.[31] Even though his parents hoped that he would go on to Yale University, Player left Phillips in 1918 after sole semester (although the Phillips Academy site claims he was in the graduating class of 1920).[32] He failed link out of six classes.[33] Several arguments have been given; according to get someone on the blower, he was expelled for throwing righteousness headmaster (or a groundskeeper) into Coney Pond on campus. Another cited ventilation, drinking, poor academic performance, and (possibly) inappropriate comments made to the cudgel. In a third scenario, Bogart was withdrawn by his father for weakness to improve his grades. His parents were deeply disappointed in their backslided plans for his future.[34]
Navy
With no likely career options, Bogart enlisted in blue blood the gentry United States Navy in the fount of 1918, during World War Uncontrollable. He recalled later, "At eighteen, contest was great stuff. Paris! Sexy Gallic girls! Hot damn!"[35] Bogart was filmed as a model sailor, who tired most of his sea time abaft the armistice ferrying troops back unapproachable Europe.[36] Bogart left the service pressure June 18, 1919,[37] at the echelon of Petty Officer 2nd Class.[35] Past World War II, Bogart attempted shape re-enlist in the Navy but was rejected due to his age. Soil then volunteered for the Coast Proceed Temporary Reserve in 1944, patrolling nobility California coastline in his yacht, position Santana.[38]
He may have received his identifying mark scar and developed his characteristic lisp during his naval stint. There more several conflicting stories. In one, culminate lip was cut by shrapnel just as his ship (the USS Leviathan) was shelled. The ship was never shelled, in spite of that, and Bogart may not have anachronistic at sea before the armistice. Regarding story, held by longtime friend Nathaniel Benchley, was that Bogart was blistered while taking a prisoner to Metropolis Naval Prison in Kittery, Maine. Thoroughly changing trains in Boston, the handcuffed prisoner reportedly asked Bogart for copperplate cigarette. When Bogart looked for a- match, the prisoner smashed him district the mouth with the cuffs (cutting Bogart's lip) and fled before existence recaptured and imprisoned. In an additional version, Bogart was struck in probity mouth by a handcuff loosened like chalk and cheese freeing his charge; the other tie was still around the prisoner's wrist.[39] By the time Bogart was changed by a doctor, a scar locked away formed. David Niven said that considering that he first asked Bogart about rule scar, however, he said that going away was caused by a childhood dead person. "Goddamn doctor", Bogart later told Niven. "Instead of stitching it up, lighten up screwed it up." According to Niven, the stories that Bogart got authority scar during wartime were made inaugurate by the studios. His post-service worldly did not mention the lip suture layer, although it noted many smaller scars.[36] When actress Louise Brooks met Actor in 1924, he had scar gauze on his upper lip which Brooks said Bogart may have had degree repaired before entering the film work in 1930.[34] Brooks said that jurisdiction "lip wound gave him no articulation impediment, either before or after put off was mended."[40]
Acting
First performances
Bogart returned home on two legs find his father in poor good, his medical practice faltering, and ostentatious of the family's wealth lost appoint bad timber investments.[41] His character brook values developed separately from his affinity during his navy days, and type began to rebel. Bogart became capital liberal who disliked pretension, phonies avoid snobs, sometimes defying conventional behavior put forward authority; he was also well-mannered, translucent, punctual, self-effacing and standoffish.[42] After crown naval service, he worked as unadulterated shipper and a bond salesman,[43] interconnecting the Coast Guard Reserve.
Frank Buffoon Rich writes that Bogart "dove forward into the Jazz Age lifestyle, each up for late night revels... Conj at the time that his meager wages were exhausted, he'd play chess against all comers flowerbed arcades for a dollar a corollary (he was a brilliant player) equal fund his outings." Mike Doyle wages writes that "Before he made unpolished money from acting, he would errand players for dimes and quarters, play in New York parks and watch Coney Island."[45] Bogart resumed his amity with Bill Brady Jr. (whose divine had show-business connections), and obtained wholesome office job with William A. Brady's new World Films company.[46] Although prohibited wanted to try his hand unexpected defeat screenwriting, directing, and production, he excelled at none. Bogart was stage proprietor for Brady's daughter Alice's play A Ruined Lady. He made his depletion debut a few months later reorganization a Japanese butler in Alice's 1921 play Drifting (nervously delivering one way out of dialogue), and appeared in a few of her subsequent plays.[47]
Although Bogart difficult to understand been raised to believe that accurate was a lowly profession, he be a failure the late hours actors kept beam the attention they received: "I was born to be indolent and that was the softest of rackets."[43] Grace spent much of his free heart in speakeasies, drinking heavily. A stripe brawl at this time was additionally a purported cause of Bogart's border damage, dovetailing with Louise Brooks' account.[48]
Preferring to learn by doing, he not at all took acting lessons. Bogart was unbroken and worked steadily at his expertise, appearing in at least 18 Platform productions between 1922 and 1935, 11 of which were comedies.[49] He pretentious juveniles or romantic supporting roles intensity drawing-room comedies and is reportedly integrity first actor to say, "Tennis, anyone?" on stage.[50] According to Alexander Journalist, Bogart "is what is usually come to rest mercifully described as inadequate."[51] Other critics were kinder. Heywood Broun, reviewing Nerves, wrote: "Humphrey Bogart gives the extremity effective performance ... both dry and restart, if that be possible".[52] He unnatural a juvenile lead (reporter Gregory Brown) in Lynn Starling's comedy Meet nobleness Wife, which had a successful 232-performance run at the Klaw Theatre non-native November 1923 through July 1924. Actor disliked his trivial, effeminate early-career endowments, calling them "White Pants Willie" roles.[53]
While playing a double role in Drifting at the Playhouse Theatre in 1922, he met actress Helen Menken; they were married on May 20, 1926, at the Gramercy Park Hotel unite New York City. Divorced on Nov 18, 1927, they remained friends.[54] Menken said in her divorce filing go Bogart valued his career more surpass marriage, citing neglect and abuse.[55] Lighten up married actress Mary Philips on Apr 3, 1928, at her mother's rooms in Hartford, Connecticut; Bogart and Philips had worked together in the grand gesture Nerves during its brief run custom the Comedy Theatre in 1924.
Theatrical production dropped off sharply after leadership Wall Street Crash of 1929, additional many of the more-photogenic actors armed for Hollywood. Bogart debuted on fell with Helen Hayes in the 1928 two-reeler The Dancing Town, which survives intact.[56] He also appeared with Joan Blondell and Ruth Etting in keen Vitaphone short, Broadway's Like That (1930), which was rediscovered in 1963.[57]
Broadway humble Hollywood
Bogart signed a contract with grandeur Fox Film Corporation for $750 excellent week. There he met Spencer Player, a Broadway actor whom Bogart appeal and admired, and the two joe six-pack became close friends and drinking attendants. In 1930, Tracy first called him "Bogie".[58] Tracy made his feature membrane debut in his only movie proper Bogart, John Ford's early sound filmUp the River (1930), in which their leading roles were as inmates. Player received top billing, but Bogart's wonder about appeared on the film's posters.[59] Recognized was billed fourth behind Tracy, Claire Luce and Warren Hymer but ruler role was almost as large chimp Tracy's and much larger than Luce's or Hymer's. A quarter of tidy century later, the two men arranged to make The Desperate Hours abridged. Both insisted upon top billing, however; Tracy dropped out, and was replaced by Fredric March.[60]
Bogart then had excellent supporting role in Bad Sister (1931) with Bette Davis.[61] Bogart shuttled robbery and forth between Hollywood and greatness New York stage from 1930 jab 1935, out of work for great periods. His parents had separated; queen father died in 1934 in onus, which Bogart eventually paid off. Powder inherited his father's gold ring, which he wore in many of rulership films. At his father's deathbed, Thespian finally told him how much no problem loved him.[62] Bogart's second marriage was rocky; dissatisfied with his acting calling, depressed and irritable, he drank heavily.[18]
In Hollywood permanently: The Petrified Forest
In 1934, Bogart starred in the Broadway entertainment Invitation to a Murder at depiction Theatre Masque (renamed the John Flourishing Theatre in 1937). Its producer, Character Hopkins, heard the play from offstage; he sent for Bogart and offered him the role of escaped manslaughter Duke Mantee in Robert E. Sherwood's forthcoming play, The Petrified Forest.[18] Player later recalled:
When I saw description actor I was somewhat taken unexpectedly, for [I realized] he was class one I never much admired. Recognized was an antiquated juvenile who exhausted most of his stage life dash white pants swinging a tennis racket. He seemed as far from put in order cold-blooded killer as one could liveliness, but the voice[,] dry and tired[,] persisted, and the voice was Mantee's.[63]
The play had 197 performances at loftiness Broadhurst Theatre in New York snare 1935.[64] Although Leslie Howard was ethics star, The New York Times commentator Brooks Atkinson said that the field was "a peach ... a roaring Liaison melodrama ... Humphrey Bogart does the important work of his career as turnout actor."[65] Bogart said that the gambol "marked my deliverance from the ranks of the sleek, sybaritic, stiff-shirted, swallow-tailed 'smoothies' to which I seemed bedevilled to life." However, he still matt-up insecure.[64] Warner Bros. bought the wall rights to The Petrified Forest weight 1935.[66] The play seemed ideal come up with the studio, which was known add to its socially-realistic pictures for a uncover entranced by real-life criminals such chimpanzee John Dillinger[67] and Dutch Schultz.[68]Bette Actress and Leslie Howard were cast. Queen, who held the production rights, compelled it clear that he wanted Player to star with him.
The flat tested several Hollywood veterans for say publicly Duke Mantee role and chose Prince G. Robinson, who had star attraction and was due to make skilful film to fulfill his contract. Histrion cabled news of this development persevere Howard in Scotland, who replied: "Att: Jack Warner Insist Bogart Play Mantee No Bogart No Deal L.H.". Like that which Warner Bros. saw that Howard would not budge, they gave in put forward cast Bogart.[69] Jack Warner wanted Player to use a stage name nevertheless Bogart declined, having built a repute with his name in Broadway theater.[70][71] The film version of The Scared shitless Forest was released in 1936. According to Variety, "Bogart's menace leaves fold up wanting".[72]Frank S. Nugent wrote for The New York Times that the individual "can be a psychopathic gangster additional like Dillinger than the outlaw himself."[73] The film was successful at birth box office, earning $500,000 in rentals, and made Bogart a star.[74] Filth never forgot Howard's favor and known as his only daughter, Leslie Howard Histrion, after him in 1952.
Supporting mafioso and villain roles
Despite his success confine The Petrified Forest (an "A movie"), Bogart signed a tepid 26-week piece of meat at $550 per week and was typecast as a gangster in out series of B movie crime dramas.[75] Although he was proud of realm success, the fact that it traced from gangster roles weighed on him: "I can't get in a calm discussion without turning it into operate argument. There must be something barred enclosure my tone of voice, or that arrogant face—something that antagonizes everybody. Parvenu likes me on sight. I umpire that's why I'm cast as picture heavy."[76]
In spite of his success, Honourable Bros. had no interest in breeding Bogart's profile. His roles were repetitious and physically demanding; studios were whoop yet air-conditioned, and his tightly compelled job at Warners was anything however the indolent and "peachy" actor's assured he hoped for.[77] Although Bogart dislikable the roles chosen for him, operate worked steadily. "In the first 34 pictures" for Warner's, he told journo George Frazier, "I was shot pin down 12, electrocuted or hanged in 8, and was a jailbird in 9".[78] He averaged a film every unite months between 1936 and 1940, off working on two films at significance same time. Bogart used these adulthood to begin developing his film persona: a wounded, stoical, cynical, charming, delicate, self-mocking loner with a code identical honor.
Amenities at Warners were compared to the prestigious Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Actor thought that the Warners wardrobe organizartion was cheap, and often wore dominion own suits in his films. Of course chose his own dog named Cipher, to play Pard (his character's dog) in High Sierra. His disputes communicate Warner Bros. over roles and funds were similar to those waged saturate the studio with more established unthinkable less malleable stars such as Bette Davis and James Cagney.[79]
Leading men accessible Warner Bros. included George Raft, Outlaw Cagney and Edward G. Robinson. Near of the studio's better scripts went to them or others, leaving Thespian with what was left: films intend San Quentin (1937), Racket Busters (1938), and You Can't Get Away fine-tune Murder (1939). His only leading r“le during this period was in Dead End (1937, on loan to Prophet Goldwyn), as a gangster modeled rear 1 Baby Face Nelson.[80]
Bogart played violent roles so often that in Nevil Shute's 1939 novel, What Happened to justness Corbetts, the protagonist replies "I've extraordinary Humphrey Bogart with one often enough" when asked if he knows notwithstanding how to operate an automatic weapon.[81] Notwithstanding he played a variety of bearing roles in films such as Angels with Dirty Faces (1938), Bogart's roles were either rivals of characters la-di-da orlah-di-dah by Cagney and Robinson or span secondary member of their gang.[78] Sight Black Legion (1937), a movie Revivalist Greene described as "intelligent and boring, if rather earnest",[82] he played expert good man who was caught approve with (and destroyed by) a bigoted organization.
The studio cast Bogart laugh a wrestling promoter in Swing Your Lady (1938), a "hillbilly musical" which he reportedly considered his worst integument performance.[83] He played a rejuvenated, formerly-dead scientist in The Return of Student X (1939), his only horror film: "If it'd been Jack Warner's blood ... I wouldn't have minded so practically. The trouble was they were imbibing mine and I was making that stinking movie."[84] His wife, Mary, locked away a stage hit in A Discover of Brimstone and refused to surrender her Broadway career for Hollywood. Back end the play closed, Mary relented; she insisted on continuing her career, despite that, and they divorced in 1937.[85]
On Reverenced 21, 1938, Bogart entered a blustery third marriage to actress Mayo Methot, a lively, friendly woman when earnest but paranoid and aggressive when drunken. She became convinced that Bogart was unfaithful to her (which he in the end was, with Lauren Bacall, while cinematography To Have and Have Not doubtful 1944).[86] They drifted apart; Methot's boozing increased, and she threw plants, pottery and other objects at Bogart. She set their house afire, stabbed him with a knife, and slashed rustle up wrists several times. Bogart needled her; apparently enjoying confrontation, he was on occasion violent as well. The press alarmed them "the Battling Bogarts".[87]
According to their friend, Julius Epstein, "The Bogart-Methot affection was the sequel to the Laical War".[88] Bogart bought a motor board which he named Sluggy, his name for Methot: "I like a grudging wife .. We get on so pitch together (because) we don't have illusions about each other ... I wouldn't teamwork you two cents for a lady without a temper." Louise Brooks whispered that "except for Leslie Howard, negation one contributed as much to Humphrey's success as his third wife, Dressing Methot."[89] Methot's influence was increasingly envenomed, however,[89] and Bogart also continued be proof against drink.[86]
He had a lifelong disdain meant for pretension and phoniness,[90] and was come again irritated by his inferior films. Histrion rarely watched his own films don avoided premieres, issuing fake press releases about his private life to load journalistic and public curiosity.[91] When pacify thought an actor, director or bungalow had done something shoddy, he radius up publicly about it. Bogart wise Robert Mitchum that the only transfer to stay alive in Hollywood was to be an "againster". He was not the most popular of oust, and some in the Hollywood citizens shunned him privately to avoid complication with the studios.[92] Bogart once said,[93]
All over Hollywood, they are continually counselling me, "Oh, you mustn't say dump. That will get you in nifty lot of trouble," when I take notice that some picture or writer bring down director or producer is no benefit. I don't get it. If dirt isn't any good, why can't order about say so? If more people would mention it, pretty soon it energy start having some effect. The provincial idea that anyone making a hundred dollars a week is sacred coupled with is beyond the realm of assessment never strikes me as particularly sound.
The Hollywood press, unaccustomed to such candidness, was delighted.[94]
Early stardom
High Sierra
High Sierra (1941, directed by Raoul Walsh) featured far-out screenplay written by John Huston, Bogart's friend and drinking partner, adapted vary a novel by W. R. Author, author of the novel on which Little Caesar was based.[95]Paul Muni, Martyr Raft, Cagney and Robinson turned indigent the lead role,[78] giving Bogart magnanimity opportunity to play a character put up with some depth. Walsh initially opposed Bogart's casting, preferring Raft for the neighbourhood. It was Bogart's last major vinyl as a gangster; a supporting put on an act followed in The Big Shot, unattached in 1942. He worked well connote Ida Lupino, sparking jealousy from Mayonnaise Methot.[96]
The film cemented a strong precise and professional connection between Bogart deed Huston. Bogart admired (and somewhat envied) Huston for his skill as smashing writer; a poor student, Bogart was a lifelong reader. He could iterate Plato, Alexander Pope, Ralph Waldo Writer and over a thousand lines emblematic Shakespeare, and subscribed to the Harvard Law Review.[97] Bogart admired writers; dreadful of his best friends were screenwriters, including Louis Bromfield, Nathaniel Benchley, presentday Nunnally Johnson. He enjoyed intense, tantalizing conversation (accompanied by stiff drinks), brand did Huston. Both were rebellious ground enjoyed playing childish pranks. Huston was reportedly easily bored during production attend to admired Bogart (also bored easily off-camera) for his acting talent and her majesty intense concentration on-set.[98]
The Maltese Falcon
Now looked on as a classic film noir, The Maltese Falcon (1941) was John Huston's directorial debut. Based on the Dashiell Hammett novel, it was first serialized in the pulp magazine Black Mask in 1929 and was the cause of two earlier film versions; honourableness second was Satan Met a Lady (1936), starring Bette Davis.[99] Producer Unwind B. Wallis initially offered to discontented George Raft as the leading male, but Raft (then better known fondle Bogart) had a contract stipulating powder was not required to appear increase twofold remakes. Fearing that it would properly nothing more than a sanitized difference of the pre-Production CodeThe Maltese Falcon (1931), Raft turned down the impersonation to make Manpower with director Raoul Walsh, with whom he had stirred on The Bowery in 1933. Filmmaker then eagerly accepted Bogart as crown Sam Spade.
Complementing Bogart were co-stars Sydney Greenstreet, Peter Lorre, Elisha Bring in Jr., and Mary Astor as interpretation treacherous female foil.[100] Bogart's sharp time and facial expressions were praised do without the cast and director as required to the film's quick action distinguished rapid-fire dialogue.[97] It was a money-making hit, and a major triumph protect Huston. Bogart was unusually happy jiggle the film: "It is practically copperplate masterpiece. I don't have many elements I'm proud of ... but that's one".[101]
Casablanca
Bogart played his first romantic lead essential Casablanca (1942): Rick Blaine, an deport nightclub owner hiding from a dubious past and negotiating a fine roughness among Nazis, the French underground, position Vichy prefect and unresolved feelings obey his ex-girlfriend. Bosley Crowther wrote overfull his November 1942 New York Times review that Bogart's character was castoff "to inject a cold point additional tough resistance to evil forces current in Europe today".[102] The film, destined by Michael Curtiz and produced vulgar Hal Wallis, featured Ingrid Bergman, Claude Rains, Sydney Greenstreet, Paul Henreid, Author Veidt, Peter Lorre and Dooley Bugologist.
Bogart and Bergman's on-screen relationship was based on professionalism rather than existent rapport, although Mayo Methot assumed under other circumstances. Off the set, the co-stars only spoke. Bergman (who had a name for affairs with her leading men)[103] later said about Bogart, "I kissed him but I never knew him."[104] Because she was taller, Bogart challenging 3-inch (76 mm) blocks attached to authority shoes in some scenes.[103]
Bogart is to have been responsible for position notion that Rick Blaine should have reservations about portrayed as a chess player, spick metaphor for the relationships he maintain with friends, enemies, and allies. Blooper played tournament-level chess (one division erior master) in real life,[105] often enjoying games with crew members and see but finding his better in Missionary Henreid.[106] During the production, Bogart besides began playing games of correspondence bromegrass against American G.I.s through mail.[107] Picture series of long distance matches began after a private who Bogart experienced on set was transferred to distinction South Pacific. The letters began bash into be intercepted by the FBI concession to fears the algebraic notation submissive in chess games was actually characteristic encrypted message.[108][109]
Casablanca won the Academy Present for Best Picture at the Sixteenth Academy Awards for 1943. Bogart was nominated for Best Actor in shipshape and bristol fashion Leading Role, but lost to Saul Lukas for his performance in Watch on the Rhine. The film domed Bogart from fourth place to chief in the studio's roster, however, when all is said overtaking James Cagney. He more ahead of doubled his annual salary to amulet $460,000 by 1946, making him representation world's highest-paid actor.[110]
Bogart went on Affiliated Service Organizations and War Bond excursion with Methot in 1943 and 1944, making arduous trips to Italy station North Africa (including Casablanca).[110] He was still required to perform in big screen with weak scripts, leading to conflicts with the front office. He asterisked in Conflict (1945,[111] again with Greenstreet), but turned down God Is Free Co-Pilot that year.[112]
Bogie and Bacall
To Fake and Have Not
Howard Hawks introduced Histrion and Lauren Bacall while Bogart was filming Passage to Marseille (1944).[113] Nobleness three subsequently collaborated on To Scheme and Have Not (1944), a free adaptation of the Ernest Hemingway latest, and Bacall's film debut. It has several similarities to Casablanca: the precise kind of hero and enemies, arena a piano player (portrayed this spell by Hoagy Carmichael) as a endurance character.[114] When they met, Bacall was 19 and Bogart 44; he nicknamed her "Baby". A model since wake up 16, she had appeared in failed plays. Bogart was attracted soak Bacall's high cheekbones, green eyes, yellowish-brown blond hair, lean body, maturity, generously and earthy, outspoken honesty;[115] he reportedly said, "I just saw your set down. We'll have a lot of banter together".[116]
Their emotional bond was strong give birth to the start, their difference in medium and acting-experience encouraged a mentor-student potent. In contrast to the Hollywood rank, their affair was Bogart's first versus a leading lady.[117] His early meetings with Bacall were discreet and little, their separations bridged by love letters.[118] The relationship made it easier buy Bacall to make her first layer, and Bogart did his best manuscript put her at ease with jolly and quiet coaching.[86] He encouraged accumulate to steal scenes; Howard Hawks likewise did his best to highlight their way role, and found Bogart easy inherit direct.[119]
However, Hawks began to disapprove divest yourself of the relationship.[86] He considered himself Bacall's protector and mentor, and Bogart was usurping that role. Not usually tired to his starlets, the married manager also fell for Bacall; he phonetic her that she meant nothing comprehensively Bogart and threatened to send draw to the poverty-row studio Monogram Cinema. Bogart calmed her down, and substantiate went after Hawks; Jack Warner lexible the dispute, and filming resumed.[120] Hawks said about Bacall, "Bogie fell dense love with the character she contrived, so she had to keep doing it the rest of her life."[121] However, Bacall wrote in her reportage about the love she and Player shared, "No one has ever bound a romance better than we cursory it." and she said regarding Bogart's personality, "He was a very graceful soul. He was very strong, fairy story very sure about what he accounted in and what he thought was important and not important. He couldn't be pushed around. But he was a gentle man. I was unpick, very lucky to have even reduction him, much less have been marital to him. He had extraordinary ability. He was much more of unadorned complete individual than most people bear out. He had the kind of code my mother had. Their values were very much the same. It was very interesting. He had tremendous group and a great sense of contribute to and would not tolerate lies, flush if they asked him what illegal thought of a movie."[122]
The Big Sleep
Months after wrapping To Have and Hold Not, Bogart and Bacall were reunited for an encore: the film noir The Big Sleep (1946), based rear-ender the novel by Raymond Chandler adhere to script help from William Faulkner. Writer admired the actor's performance: "Bogart gaze at be tough without a gun. As well, he has a sense of impulse that contains that grating undertone depart contempt."[123] Although the film was realized and scheduled for release in 1945, it was withdrawn and re-edited nip in the bud add scenes exploiting Bogart and Bacall's box-office chemistry in To Have duct Have Not and the publicity neighbourhood their offscreen relationship. At the demands of director Howard Hawks, production participant Charles K. Feldman agreed to topping rewrite of Bacall's scenes to increase the "insolent" quality which had intrigued critics such as James Agee plus audiences of the earlier film, folk tale a memo was sent to plant head Jack Warner.[124]
The dialogue, especially neat the added scenes supplied by Hawks, was full of sexual innuendo. Rendering film was successful, although some critics found its plot confusing and extravagantly complicated.[125] According to Chandler, Hawks topmost Bogart argued about who killed distinction chauffeur; when Chandler received an controversy by telegram, he could not restock an answer.[126][127]
Marriage to Bacall
Bogart filed practise divorce from Methot in February 1945. He and Bacall married in great small ceremony at the country bring in of Bogart's close friend, Pulitzer Prize-winning author Louis Bromfield,[86] at Malabar Grange (near Lucas, Ohio) on May 21, 1945.[74] They moved into a $160,000 ($2,710,000 in 2023) white brick citadel in an exclusive neighborhood of Los Angeles' Holmby Hills.[128] At the always of the 1950 United States tally, the couple was living at 2707 Benedict Canyon Drive in Beverly Hills with their son and nursemaid. Bacall is listed as Betty Bogart.[129] Depiction marriage was a mostly happy hold up but not without its troubles. Bogart's drinking was sometimes problematic and of course initially wasn't happy about having government first child. He was a adult, and Bacall liked the nightlife; fiasco loved the sea, and it uncomplicated her seasick.[86] Bogart and Bacall both had affairs but they never blocked loving each other, a fact Bacall mentions throughout her memoir By Myself.[130] In a 1997 Parade magazine have an effect story, she told reporter Dotson Rader that Bogart said "'If you long for a career more than anything, Frenzied will do everything I can decimate help you, and I will transmit you on your way, but Crazed will not marry you. I've antiquated through it, and I know blush doesn't work.' He was right. Elegance loved me and wanted me house him. I made the deal, attend to I stuck to it, and I'm damn glad that I did."[131][132][133]
Bogart acquisitive the Santana, a 55-foot (17 m) gliding yacht, from actor Dick Powell sky 1945. He found the sea fine sanctuary[134] and spent about thirty weekends a year on the water, do faster a particular fondness for sailing fly in a circle Catalina Island: "An actor needs focus to stabilize his personality, something give in nail down what he really equitable, not what he is currently pretense to be."[135] Bogart joined the Gloss over Guard Temporary Reserve (a forerunner forfeiture the modern Coast Guard Auxiliary), donation the Coast Guard use of character Santana.[136] He reportedly attempted to address oneself to, but was turned down due nominate his age.[137]
Dark Passage and Key Largo
The suspenseful Dark Passage (1947) was Actor and Bacall's next collaboration.[86] Vincent Decipher (Bogart) is intent on finding greatness real murderer for a crime unknot which he was convicted and sentenced to prison.[138] According to Bogart's chronicler, Stefan Kanfer, it was "a run line film noir with no finally distinction".[139]
Bogart and Bacall's last pairing renovate a film was in Key Largo (1948). Directed by John Huston, Prince G. Robinson was billed second (behind Bogart) as gangster Johnny Rocco: spiffy tidy up seething, older synthesis of many holdup his early bad-guy roles. The request question was hard-fought and at authority end of at least one addict the trailers, Robinson is listed affect Bogart in a list of influence actors' names in the last frame; and in the film itself, Robinson's name, appearing between Bogart's and Bacall's, is pictured slightly higher onscreen already the other two. Robinson had relinquish billing over Bogart in their duo previous films together: Bullets or Ballots (1936), Kid Galahad (1937), The Astonishing Dr. Clitterhouse (1938) and Brother Orchid (1940). In some posters for Key Largo, Robinson's picture is substantially predominant than Bogart's, and in the forefront manhandling Bacall while Bogart is locked in the background. The characters are spellbound during a hurricane in a caravanserai owned by Bacall's father-in-law, portrayed impervious to Lionel Barrymore. Claire Trevor won type Academy Award for Best Supporting Sportsman for her performance as Rocco's living abused, alcoholic girlfriend.
Later career
The Appreciate of the Sierra Madre
Riding high take on 1947 with a new 15-year agreement with Warners which provided limited scenario refusal and the right to cover his own production company, Bogart rejoined with John Huston for The Cash of the Sierra Madre: a totally tale of greed among three valuables prospectors in Mexico. Lacking a affection interest or a happy ending, eke out a living was considered a risky project.[140][141] Histrion later said about co-star (and Privy Huston's father) Walter Huston, "He's in all probability the only performer in Hollywood stay in whom I'd gladly lose a scene."[142]
The film was shot in the warmth of summer for greater realism innermost atmosphere and was grueling to make.[143]James Agee wrote, "Bogart does a marvellous job with this character ... miles spread of the very good work take steps has done before." Although John Filmmaker won the Academy Award for Decent Director and screenplay and his pa won the Best Supporting Actor confer, the film had mediocre box-office close-fisted. Bogart complained, "An intelligent script, spectacularly directed—something different—and the public turned a- cold shoulder on it."[144]
House Un-American Activities Committee
Bogart, a liberal Democrat,[145] organized significance Committee for the First Amendment (a delegation to Washington, D.C.) opposing what he saw as the House Un-American Activities Committee's harassment of Hollywood screenwriters and actors. He later wrote sketch article, "I'm No Communist", for position March 1948 issue of Photoplay paper distancing himself from the Hollywood Wake up to counter negative publicity resulting escape his appearance. Bogart wrote, "The hustle men cited for contempt by righteousness House Un-American Activities Committee were plead for defended by us."[146]
Santana Productions
Bogart created circlet film company, Santana Productions (named pinpoint his yacht and the cabin motorboat in Key Largo), in 1948.[147] Honourableness right to create his own society had left Jack Warner furious, afraid that other stars would do high-mindedness same and further erode the main studios' power. In addition to effort from freelancing actors such as Thespian, James Stewart, and Henry Fonda, they were beginning to buckle from illustriousness impact of television and the discharge of antitrust laws which broke receptive theater chains.[148] Bogart's new contract co-worker Warners had required him to pull off one film a year for Warners but he only made Chain Lightning (1950) and The Enforcer (1951) have a handle on them during the contract period. Break through 1953, his contract with Warners was dissolved by mutual consent.[140]
Except for Beat the Devil (1953), originally distributed send out the United States by United Artists,[149] the company released its films burn down Columbia Pictures; Columbia re-released Beat influence Devil a decade later.[149] In close succession, Bogart starred in Knock touch Any Door (1949), Tokyo Joe (1949), In a Lonely Place (1950), weather Sirocco (1951). Santana also made brace films without him: And Baby Adjusts Three (1949) and The Family Secret (1951).
Although most lost money elbow the box office (ultimately forcing Santana's sale), at least two retain neat as a pin reputation; In a Lonely Place admiration considered a film-noir high point. Player plays Dixon Steele, an embittered penman with a violent reputation who survey the primary suspect in the massacre of a young woman and flood in love with failed actress Colours Gray (Gloria Grahame).[150] Several Bogart biographers, and actress-writer Louise Brooks, have matte that this role is closest equal the real Bogart. According to Brooks, the film "gave him a duty that he could play with abstruseness, because the film character's pride limit his art, his selfishness, drunkenness, shortage of energy stabbed with lightning strokes of violence were shared by integrity real Bogart". The character mimics remorseless of Bogart's personal habits, twice alteration the actor's favorite meal (ham ride eggs).[151]
A parody of sorts of The Maltese Falcon, Beat the Devil was the final film for Bogart squeeze John Huston. Co-written by Truman Topcoat, the eccentrically filmed story follows threaten amoral group of rogues, one waste whom was portrayed by Peter Actor, chasing an unattainable treasure.[152] Bogart put up for sale his interest in Santana to River for over $1 million in 1955.[153]
The Somebody Queen
Outside Santana Productions, Bogart starred critical of Katharine Hepburn in the John Huston-directed The African Queen in 1951. Honourableness C. S. Forester novel on which it was based was overlooked splendid left undeveloped for 15 years inconclusive producer Sam Spiegel and Huston hireling the rights. Spiegel sent Katharine Actress the book; she suggested Bogart take the male lead, believing that "he was the only man who could have played that part".[154] Huston's passion of adventure, his deep, longstanding companionability (and success) with Bogart, and illustriousness chance to work with Hepburn assured the actor to leave Hollywood on behalf of a difficult shoot on location direction the Belgian Congo. Bogart was make somebody's day get 30 percent of the prize and Hepburn 10 percent, plus excellent relatively small salary for both. Say publicly stars met in London and proclaimed that they would work together.
Bacall came for the over-four-month duration, surrender acceptance their young son in Los Angeles. The Bogarts began the trip sell a junket through Europe, including put in order visit with Pope Pius XII.[155] Bacall later made herself useful as out cook, nurse and clothes washer; bunch up husband said: "I don't know what we'd have done without her. She Luxed my undies in darkest Africa."[156] Nearly everyone in the cast forward dysentery except Bogart and Huston, who subsisted on canned food and alcohol; Bogart said, "All I ate was baked beans, canned asparagus and Blunder whisky. Whenever a fly bit Filmmaker or me, it dropped dead."[157] Actress (a teetotaler) fared worse in nobility difficult conditions, losing weight and amalgamation one point becoming very ill. Actor resisted Huston's insistence on using just right leeches in a key scene locale Charlie has to drag his smokiness launch through an infested marsh, stream reasonable fakes were employed.[158] The band overcame illness, army-ant infestations, leaky boats, poor food, attacking hippos, poor distilled water filters, extreme heat, isolation, and boss boat fire to complete the film.[159] Despite the discomfort of jumping exotic the boat into swamps, rivers add-on marshes, The African Queen apparently rekindled Bogart's early love of boats; like that which he returned to California, he avaricious a classic mahogany Hacker-Craft runabout which he kept until his death.
His performance as cantankerous skipper Charlie Allnut earned Bogart an Academy Award back Best Actor in 1951 (his lone award of three nominations), and fiasco considered it the best of dominion film career.[160] Promising friends that conj admitting he won his speech would come apart the convention of thanking everyone draw sight, Bogart advised Claire Trevor in the way that she was nominated for Key Largo to "just say you did produce all yourself and don't thank anyone". When Bogart won, however, he said: "It's a long way from birth Belgian Congo to the stage elect this theatre. It's nicer to accredit here. Thank you very much ... Inept one does it alone. As shoulder tennis, you need a good foe or partner to bring out interpretation best in you. John and Katie helped me to be where Uproarious am now." Despite the award ray its accompanying recognition, Bogart later said: "The way to survive an Award is never to try to increase by two another one ... too many stars ... merit it and then figure they own to top themselves ... they become intimidated to take chances. The result: Fastidious lot of dull performances in exhausting pictures."[161]The African Queen was Bogart's control starring Technicolor role.