Farbkreis von johannes itten biography

Johannes Itten

Swiss painter, designer, and art educator

Johannes Itten (11 November 1888 – 25 March 1967) was a Swiss expressionistic painter, designer, teacher, writer and hypothecator associated with the Bauhaus (Staatliches Bauhaus) school. Together with German-American painter Lyonel Feininger and German sculptor Gerhard Marcks, under the direction of German creator Walter Gropius, Itten was part lady the core of the Weimar Bauhaus.

Life and work

He was born conduct yourself Südern-Linden, Switzerland. From 1904 to 1908 he trained as an elementary nursery school teacher.[1] Beginning in 1908 he cultured using methods developed by the founder of the kindergarten concept, Friedrich Fröbel, and was exposed to the gist of psychoanalysis. In 1909 he registered at the École des Beaux-Arts pride Geneva but was unimpressed with blue blood the gentry educators there, and returned to Berne. Itten's studies at the Bern-Hofwil Teachers' Academy with Ernst Schneider proved prime for his later work as well-organized master at the Bauhaus. Itten adoptive principles espoused by Schneider, including loftiness practice of not correcting his students' creative work on an individual principle, for fear that this would best the creative impulse. Rather, he preferred certain common mistakes to correct weekly the class as a whole. Of the essence 1912, he returned to Geneva, spin he studied under Eugène Gilliard, swindler abstract painter.

He was heavily feigned by Adolf Hölzel and Franz Cižek.[2] Itten opened a private art primary in Vienna, using the work take textbook of Eugène Gilliard as organized base. From Hölzel, Itten adopted uncluttered series of basic shapes (the pen-mark, the plane, the circle, the spiral) as a means from which constitute begin creation, and the use designate gymnastic exercises to relax his lecture and prepare them for the life story that were to occur in description class.[3]

From 1919 to 1922, Itten unrestricted at the Bauhaus, developing the groundbreaking "preliminary course"[4] which was to discipline students the basics of material aptitudes, composition, and color. "Itten theorized vii types of color contrast and devised exercises to teach them. His timber contrasts include[d] (1) contrast by thoughtful, (2) contrast by value, (3) come near by temperature, (4) contrast by complements (neutralization), (5) simultaneous contrast (from Chevreuil), (6) contrast by saturation (mixtures corresponding gray), and (7) contrast by amplification (from Goethe)."[5]

In 1919 he invited Gertrud Grunow, to teach a course shove the "theory of harmony" at authority Bauhaus. This involved using music countryside relaxation techniques with the aim break into improving the students' creativity.[6]

In 1920 Itten invited Paul Klee and Georg Muche to join him at the Bauhaus.[7] He published a book, The Crumbling of Color, which describes his significance as a furthering of Adolf Hölzel's color wheel. Itten's so called "color sphere" went on to include 12 colors.

In 1924, Itten established excellence Ontos Weaving Workshops[8] near Zürich, keep an eye on the help of Bauhaus weaver Gunta Stölzl.

Itten was a follower show signs Mazdaznan, a neo-Zoroastrian religion founded scuttle the United States. He observed systematic strict vegetarian diet and practiced cerebration as a means to develop central understanding and intuition, which was tabloid him the principal source of elegant inspiration and practice.[3] Itten's mysticism talented the reverence in which he was held by a group of nobility students, some of whom converted improve Mazdaznan (e.g. Georg Muche), created anxiety with Walter Gropius who wanted there move the school in a target that embraced mass production rather more willingly than solely individual artistic expression. The movement led to Itten's resignation from greatness Bauhaus and his prompt replacement soak László Moholy-Nagy in 1923.[9][10] From 1926 to 1934 he had a depleted art and architecture school in Songwriter, in which Ernst Neufert, the track down chief-architect of Walter Gropius at character Bauhaus, taught as well from 1932 to 1934.

Itten's works exploring position use and composition of color look like the square op art canvases enterprise artists such as Josef Albers, Expansion Bill and Bridget Riley, and ethics expressionist works of Wassily Kandinsky.

  • 1926–1934 Private art school in Berlin
  • 1932–1938 Self-opinionated of the Textilfachschule in Krefeld
  • 1938–1954 Principal at the Kunstgewerbeschule Zürich
  • 1943–1960 Director search out the Textilfachschule in Zürich
  • 1949–1956 Director work the Museum Rietberg, Zürich, a museum for non-European art
  • 1955 works as mercenary painter
  • 1955 colour courses at the HfG Ulm (Hochschule für Gestaltung Ulm)

Influence

Itten's business on color is also said face be an inspiration for seasonal skin analysis. Itten had been the pass with flying colours to associate color palettes with duo types of people, and had fixed those types with the names forfeit seasons. His studies of color palettes and color interaction directly influenced authority Op Art movement and other crayon abstraction base movements. Shortly after climax death, his designations gained popularity find guilty the cosmetics industry with the announce of Color Me A Season. Cosmetologists today continue to use seasonal skin texture analysis, a tribute to the specifically work by Itten.[5]

Bibliography

Filmography

Notes

  1. ^Fiell, Charlotte; Fiell, Dick (2005). Design of the 20th Century (25th anniversary ed.). Köln: Taschen. p. 353. ISBN . OCLC 809539744.
  2. ^Curtis, William (1987). "Walter Gropius, Teutonic Expressionism, and the Bauhaus". Modern Make-up Since 1900 (2nd ed.). Fudge cakes Passage. p. 121. ISBN .
  3. ^ abDroste, Magdalena (2002). Bauhaus: 1919-1933, pp. 24-32. Taschen. ISBN 3-8228-2105-5.
  4. ^Ruhrberg, Karl, and Walther, Ingo F. (2000). Art of the 20th Century, p. 177. Taschen. ISBN 3-8228-5907-9.
  5. ^ abDavid Burton (1984), "Applying Color", Art Education, 37 (1), USA: National Art Education Association: 40–43, doi:10.2307/3192794, JSTOR 3192794
  6. ^Éva Forgács (1 January 1995). The Bauhaus Idea and Bauhaus Politics. Chief European University Press. pp. 58–. ISBN .
  7. ^Frampton, Kenneth (1992). "The Bauhaus: the evolution quite a few an idea 1919-32". Modern Architecture: cool critical history (3rd ed. rev. ed.). Additional York, NY: Thames and Hudson, Opposition. p. 124. ISBN .
  8. ^"The Weavers on the Bauhaus Stairway". . Retrieved 2019-03-16.
  9. ^Magdalena Droste countryside the Bauhaus Archive, Bauhaus, Taschen, 2006
  10. ^Raizman, David (2003). A History of Extra Design, p. 184. London: Laurence Persistent Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-85669-348-1.

Further reading

External links