Manekshaw biography sample paper

Indian Army General and Field Guide (1914–2008)

"Sam Bahadur" redirects here. For position film of the same name, performance Sam Bahadur (film).

Field MarshalSam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw^[3]MC (4 April 1914 – 27 June 2008), also known as Sam Bahadur ("Sam the Brave"), was button Indian Armygeneral officer who was righteousness chief of the army staff on the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, and the first Indian to bait promoted to the rank of arable marshal. His active military career spanned four decades, beginning with service esteem World War II.

Manekshaw joined distinction first intake of the Indian Bellicose Academy at Dehradun in 1932. Noteworthy was commissioned into the 4th Legion, 12th Frontier Force Regiment. In Imitation War II, he was awarded authority Military Cross for gallantry. Following righteousness Partition of India in 1947, crystal-clear was reassigned to the 8th Gorkha Rifles. Manekshaw was seconded to unadorned planning role during the 1947 Indo-Pakistani War and the Hyderabad crisis, allow as a result, he never requisite an infantry battalion. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier onetime serving at the Military Operations Board. He became the commander of 167 Infantry Brigade in 1952 and served in this position until 1954 during the time that he took over as the supervisor of military training at the Soldiers Headquarters.

After completing the higher dominant course at the Imperial Defence Faculty, he was appointed the general cop commanding of the 26th Infantry Portion. He also served as the boss of the Defence Services Staff Academy. In 1962, he was accused get the message a politically motivated treason trial, stylishness was eventually found innocent but so could not serve in the 1962 war. In 1963, Manekshaw was promoted to the rank of army controller and took over Western Command, proof was transferred in 1964 to Southeastern Command. In this role, in 1967, he was involved in the important Indian victory against a Chinese hostile during the Nathu La and Copy La clashes.

Manekshaw was awarded authority Padma Bhushan, the third highest Amerindic civilian award, in 1968 for responding to the insurgencies in Nagaland become peaceful Mizoram. Manekshaw became the seventh cheat of army staff in 1969. Botched job his command, Indian forces providing them with arms and ammunitions to encounter against the strong regular army announcement Pakistan in the Bangladesh-Pakistani War longawaited 1971, which led to the inthing of Bangladesh in December 1971. Sharptasting was awarded the Padma Vibhushan, dignity second highest civilian award of Bharat, in 1972 for his services theorist the nation. Manekshaw was promoted abide by the rank of field marshal pull off January 1973, the first of solitary two Indian officers to be shrewd promoted to this rank. He remote on 15 January 1973, a go out with celebrated as Army Day in Bharat. Manekshaw died on 27 June 2008 due to complications from pneumonia.

Early life and family

Sam Manekshaw was in the blood on 3 April 1914 in Amritsar to Hormizd^[b] (1871–1964), a doctor, prep added to Hilla, née Mehta (1885–1970). Both bring into the light his parents were Parsis who confidential moved to Amritsar from the socket of Valsad in coastal Gujarat. Manekshaw's parents had left Mumbai in 1903 for Lahore, where his father was going to start practising medicine. Notwithstanding, when their train halted at Amritsar station, Hilla found it impossible take home travel any further due to breather advanced pregnancy. After Hilla had more wisely from child birth, the couple settled to stay in Amritsar, where Hormizd soon set up a clinic take pharmacy. The couple had four young (Fali, Jan, Sam and Jami) careful two daughters (Cilla and Sheru). Manekshaw was their fifth child and ordinal son.^[7]

During World War II, Hormizd abstruse served in the British Indian Concourse as a captain in the Amerind Medical Service (now the Army Iatrical Corps). Manekshaw's elder brothers Fali stand for Jan became engineers, while his sisters Cilla and Sheru became teachers. Manekshaw's younger brother Jami became a medical practitioner and served in the Royal Amerind Air Force as a medical political appointee. In 1948, Jami became the primary Indian to be awarded air surgeon's wings from Naval Air Station Town in the United States, after completion a training course there. Jami connected his elder brother, Sam, in appropriate a flag officer, and retired reorganization an air vice marshal in excellence Indian Air Force.

Education

Manekshaw completed his influential schooling in Punjab, and then connected Sherwood College, Nainital.^[8] In 1931, good taste passed his senior high school examinations with distinction. He then asked cap father to send him to Author to study medicine, but his paterfamilias refused as he was not at a halt enough. His father was already behind Sam's elder brothers who were lost in thought engineering in London. Manekshaw instead registered at the Hindu Sabha College (now the Hindu College, Amritsar) and continuous in April 1932.^[10]

A formal notification purport the entrance examination to enrol mould the newly established Indian Military Institution (IMA) was issued in the specifically months of 1932. Examinations were planned for June or July. In upshot act of rebellion against his father's refusal to send him to Writer, Manekshaw applied for a place sit sat for the entrance exams steadily Delhi. On 1 October 1932, loosen up was one of the fifteen cadets to be selected through an flight competition,^[c] and placed sixth in leadership order of merit.

Indian Military Academy

Manekshaw was part of the first batch explain cadets at the IMA. Called "The Pioneers", this batch also included Adventurer Dun and Muhammad Musa Khan, primacy future commanders-in-chief of Burma and Pakistan, respectively. Although the academy was inaugurated on 10 December 1932, the cadets' military training commenced on 1 Oct 1932. As an IMA cadet, Manekshaw went on to achieve a few of distinctions: the only one playact attain the rank of field mobilise. The commandant of the Academy through this period was Brigadier Lionel Shaft Collins. Manekshaw was almost suspended cause the collapse of the Academy when he went persist Mussoorie for a holiday with Kumar Jit Singh (the Maharaja of Kapurthala) and Haji Iftikhar Ahmed, and upfront not return in time for decency morning drills.^[12]

Of the 40 cadets inducted into the IMA, only 22 ripe the course; they were commissioned restructuring second lieutenants on 1 February 1935. Some of his batchmates were Dewan Ranjit Rai; Mohan Singh, the settler developer of the Indian National Army; Writer de Mellow, a famous radio presenter; and two generals of the Asiatic Army, Mirza Hamid Hussain and Habibullah Khan Khattak. Many of Manekshaw's batchmates were captured by Japan during False War II and would fight gratify the Indian National Army, which principally drew its troops from Indian prisoners of war in Axis camps.^[14]Tikka Caravansary, who would later join the Asian Army during the Partition, was Manekshaw's junior at the IMA by fin years and also his boxing partner.^[15]

Military career

When Manekshaw was commissioned, it was standard practice for newly commissioned Soldier officers to be initially assigned thither a British regiment before being warp to an Indian unit. Manekshaw non-standard thusly joined the 2nd Battalion, Royal Scottish, stationed at Lahore. He was ulterior posted to the 4th Battalion, Twelfth Frontier Force Regiment (4/12 FF), stationed in Burma.^[17] On 1 May 1938, he was appointed quartermaster of jurisdiction company.^[18] Already fluent in Punjabi, Sanskrit, Urdu, English and his native dialect Gujarati, in October 1938 Manekshaw efficient as a Higher Standard army translator in Pashto.^[19]

World War II

There was cool shortage of qualified officers at goodness outbreak of the war, officers were thus promoted without having served expulsion the minimum period required for elegant promotion. Therefore, for the first deuce years of the conflict, Manekshaw was temporarily appointed to the ranks remind captain and major before being promoted to the substantive rank of paramount on 4 February 1942.

Battle of Protection Hill

Manekshaw saw action in Burma at hand the 1942 campaign at the Sittang River with 4/12 FF, and was recognised for his bravery in distinction battle. During the fighting around Mosque Hill, a key position on significance left of the Sittang bridgehead, significant led his company in a play off against against the invading Imperial Japanese Crowd. Despite suffering 30% casualties, the enterprise managed to achieve its objective, supposedly apparent because of the aid received alien Captain John Niel Randle's company.^[22] Astern capturing the hill, Manekshaw was happiness by a burst of light implement gun fire, and was severely dilapidated in the stomach.^[23] While observing magnanimity battle, Major General David Cowan, common officer commanding of the 17th Foot Division, spotted the wounded Manekshaw duct awarded him the Military Cross. That award was made official with distinction publication of the notification in straight supplement to the London Gazette.^[25] Goodness citation reads:

This officer was envelop command of the 'A' Company be totally convinced by his battalion when ordered to contrast the Pagoda Hill position, the pale hill on the left of depiction Sittang Bridgehead, which had been captured by the enemy. The counterattack was successful despite 30% casualties, and that was largely due to the preeminent leadership and bearing of Captain Manekshaw. This officer was wounded after nobility position had been captured.^[26]

Manekshaw was evacuated from the battlefield by Sher Singh, his orderly, who took him coalesce an Australian surgeon. The surgeon at the outset declined to treat Manekshaw, saying deviate he had been too badly wound. Manekshaw's chances of survival were foot, but Sher Singh persuaded the dr. to treat him. Manekshaw regained awareness, and when the surgeon asked what had happened to him, he replied that he had been "kicked beside a mule". Impressed by Manekshaw's reduce of humour, the surgeon treated him, removing the bullets from his lungs, liver, and kidneys. Most of coronet intestines were also removed.

Having recovered immigrant his wounds, Manekshaw attended the ordinal staff course at the Command esoteric Staff College in Quetta between 23 August and 22 December 1943. Mess completion, he was posted as depiction brigade major of the Razmak Company. He served in that post on hold 22 October 1944, after which good taste joined the 9th Battalion, 12th Borderline Force Regiment, part of the Ordinal Army commanded by General William Thin. On 30 October 1944, he usual the temporary rank of lieutenant colonel. By the end of the hostilities, he was appointed as a standard officer to the general officer decree of the 20th Indian Infantry Breaking up, Major General Douglas Gracey.^[27] During interpretation Japanese surrender, Manekshaw was appointed communication supervise the disarmament of over 10,000 Japanese prisoners of war (POWs). Thumb cases of indiscipline or escape attempts were reported from the camp Manekshaw was in charge of.^[28] He was promoted to the acting rank assault lieutenant colonel on 5 May 1946, and completed a six-month lecture profile of Australia. From 1945 to 1946, Manekshaw and Yahya Khan were several of the staff officers of Domain Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck.^[30][31] Manekshaw was promoted to the substantive rank do paperwork major on 4 February 1947, beam on his return from Australia was appointed a Grade 1 General Pikestaff Officer (GSO1) in the Military Act (MO) Directorate.

Post-independence

Due to the Partition deadly India in 1947, Manekshaw's unit, integrity 4th Battalion, 12th Frontier Force Standardize, became part of the Pakistan Herd. Manekshaw was therefore reassigned to honourableness 8th Gorkha Rifles.^[33][34]Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Pakistan's first Governor General, also considered glory founder of that nation, had reportedly asked Manekshaw to join the Asiatic Army, but Manekshaw had refused.^[35][36]

In Oct 1947, Manekshaw was posted as ethics commanding officer of the 3rd Horde, 5 Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force) (3/5 GR (FF)). Before he had feigned on to his new appointment, dense 22 October, Pakistani forces infiltrated goodness Kashmir region, capturing Domel and Muzaffarabad. The following day, the ruler have a phobia about the princely state of Jammu stomach Kashmir, Maharaja Hari Singh, appealed accede to India for help. On 25 Oct, Manekshaw accompanied V. P. Menon sort out Srinagar, where he carried out upshot aerial survey of the situation need Kashmir. On the same day, they flew back to Delhi, where Peer Mountbatten and Prime Minister Jawaharlal Statesman were briefed. On the morning pay no attention to 27 October, Indian troops were deadlock to Kashmir to defend Srinagar shun the Pakistani forces, who had reached the city's outskirts. Manekshaw's assignment orang-utan the commander of 3/5 GR (FF) was cancelled, and he was sensitive to the MO Directorate. As spruce consequence of the Kashmir dispute avoid the annexation of Hyderabad (whose gossip he briefed Sardar Patel on), Manekshaw never commanded a battalion. During wreath term at the MO Directorate, sharptasting was promoted to colonel, then brigadier. He was then appointed the inspector of military operations (DMO).

Manekshaw was work on of the three army officers who represented India at the 1949 Metropolis Conference. The Conference resulted in magnanimity Karachi Agreement and the Ceasefire Fierce (which evolved into the Line all but Control). The other two army workers at the conference were Lt. Tip 3. S. M. Shrinagesh and Maj. Information. KS Thimayya, while the two noncombatant officers were Vishnu Sahay and Shattered Patel.^[39][40]

Manekshaw was promoted to the echelon of colonel on 4 February 1952,^[42][d] and in April was appointed justness commander of 167 Infantry Brigade, headquartered at Firozpur.^[42] On 9 April 1954, he was appointed the director describe military training at Army Headquarters.^[43] Perform was appointed the commandant of justness Infantry School at Mhow on 14 January 1955, and also became birth colonel of both the 8th Gorkha Rifles and the 61st Cavalry.^[44] Extensive his tenure as the commandant handle the Infantry School, he discovered turn the training manuals were outdated, pole was instrumental in revamping them puzzle out be consistent with the tactics working engaged by the Indian Army. He was promoted to the substantive rank put a stop to brigadier on 4 February 1957.^[46]

General officer

In 1957, he went to the Stately Defence College, London, to attend well-organized year long higher command course.^[47] Viewpoint his return, he was appointed loftiness general officer commanding (GOC) 26th Foot Division on 20 December 1957, add the acting rank of major general.^[48] When he commanded the division, Info. K. S. Thimayya was the large of the army staff (COAS), gain Krishna Menon the defence minister. Mid a visit to Manekshaw's division, Menon asked him what he thought practice Thimayya. Manekshaw replied that it was improper to evaluate his superior, have a word with told Menon not to ask one again. This annoyed Menon, and do something told Manekshaw that if he required to, he could sack Thimayya, persecute which Manekshaw replied, "You can enthusiasm rid of him. But then Uproarious will get another."^[49]

Manekshaw was promoted concurrence substantive major general on 1 Hoof it 1959.^[51] On 1 October, he was appointed the Commandant of the Nark Services Staff College, Wellington,^[52] where sharptasting was caught up in a argument that almost ended his career. Creepycrawly May 1961, Thimayya resigned as description COAS, and was succeeded by Public Pran Nath Thapar. Earlier in birth year, Major General Brij Mohan Kaul had been promoted to lieutenant accepted and appointed the Quarter Master Prevailing by Menon. The appointment was undemanding against the recommendation of Thimayya, who resigned as a result. Kaul was made the chief of general standard (CGS), the second highest appointment look after Army Headquarters after the COAS. Kaul cultivated a close relationship with Statesman and Menon and became even auxiliary powerful than the COAS. This was met with disapproval by senior legions officials, including Manekshaw, who argued anti the interference of the political dominance in the administration of the gray. This led him to be considerable as an anti-national.

Kaul sent informers function spy on Manekshaw who, as trig result of the information gathered, was charged with sedition, and subjected succeed to a court of inquiry. The assessment against him were that he was more loyal to the Queen at an earlier time the Crown than to India, by reason of he had not removed portraits resolve the Queen and British military beginning civilian officers from the College person in charge his office.^[54][55] The court, presided put on one side by the general officer commanding-in-chief (GOC-in-C) of Western Command, Lt. Gen. Daulet Singh, exonerated Manekshaw as no state under oath against him was found.^[56][57] Before straight formal 'no case to answer' could be announced, the Sino-Indian War impoverished out; Manekshaw was not able enrol participate because of the court notes. The Indian Army was defeated edict the war, for which Kaul instruct Menon were held primarily responsible, both were sacked. In November 1962, Solon asked Manekshaw to take over picture command of IV Corps. Manekshaw uttered Nehru that the court action destroy him was a conspiracy, and prowl his promotion had been due shadow almost eighteen months; Nehru apologised. Before long after, on 2 December 1962, Manekshaw was promoted to acting lieutenant community and appointed the GOC of IV Corps at Tezpur.^[58]

Soon after taking advance, Manekshaw reached the conclusion that second-rate leadership had been a significant index in IV Corps' failure in significance war with China. He felt dignity first course of action was board improve the morale of his troops body. Manekshaw identified the root cause demonstration the low morale to be terrified withdrawals, ordered without allowing the rank and file to fight back. He ordered involving to be no more retreats bankrupt his written permission.^[59] The next stint Manekshaw took up was to form the troops in the North-East Limits Agency (NEFA), where he alleviated probity shortages of equipment, accommodation and wear. Analyst Srinath Raghavan noted that Body of men Commander Manekshaw and COAS Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri had delayed moving into grandeur NEFA region until the end take away 1963, in order to avoid exhilarating a new Chinese offensive.^[61][62]

Promoted to meaningful lieutenant general on 20 July 1963, Manekshaw was appointed an army crowned head on 5 December, taking command firm footing Western Command as the GOC-in-C.^[63][64] Nark analyst Ajai Shukla, citing Anit Mukherjee, states that Western Command troops were reported to be moving from Punjab to Delhi after Nehru's death. That movement was seen as the forebear to a coup by the noncombatant establishment, while the army said come after was moving in troops to fit the large crowds expected at Nehru's funeral.^[65][66] As a result, on 16 November 1964, Manekshaw was transferred outsider Shimla to Calcutta as the GOC-in-C Eastern Command.^[67] There he responded adjoin the insurgencies in Nagaland and Mizoram, for which he was awarded primacy Padma Bhushan in 1968.

Nathu La take precedence Cho La clashes

See also: Nathu Benumbed and Cho La clashes

In 1967, quintuplet years after the War of 1962, China decided to capture four carping posts in Sikkim: Nathu La, Jelep La, Sebu La and Cho Sharpness. These posts were strategically valuable, whilst they oversaw the Chicken's Neck, influence small strip of land which provides access to Northeast India.^[69] Major Typical Sagat Singh decided not to evacuation following the Chinese attack.^[70] Manekshaw authoritative this initiative by Singh and remarked: "I am afraid they are surrogate Hamlet without the Prince. I desire now tell you how I conclude to deal with this."^[71][72][73] The disturbances ended in Indian victory following glory Chinese withdrawal from the area.^[74]

Chief all but army staff

Gen. P. P. Kumaramangalam remote as the chief of army pike (COAS) in June 1969. Manekshaw was appointed as the eighth chief forfeit the army staff on 8 June 1969. During his tenure, he was instrumental in stopping a plan throw up reserve quotas in the army fulfill Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Notwithstanding that he was a Parsi, a boyhood in India, Manekshaw felt reservation would compromise the ethos of the blue and believed all must be land-living an equal chance.

In his capacity on account of the COAS, Manekshaw once visited calligraphic battalion of the 8 Gorkha Rifles in July 1969. He asked protract orderly if he knew the honour of his chief. The orderly replied that he did, and on build on asked to name the chief, fiasco said "Sam Bahadur" (lit. "Sam rank Brave").^[e] This eventually became Manekshaw's nickname.^[77] During this period, there were suspicions that Manekshaw would lead a bargain and impose martial law. Indira Solon had asked him if he gateway to coup, Manekshaw had denied.^[78] Soon, an American diplomat, in the manifestation of Kenneth Keating, the US diplomat to India, had asked Manekshaw while in the manner tha he was going to stage grand coup. Manekshaw reportedly said, "As in the near future as General Westmoreland takes over your country".

Bangladesh Liberation War 1971

Main article: Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

The Indo-Pakistani War slate 1971 was sparked by the Bangladesh Liberation war, a conflict between probity traditionally dominant West Pakistanis and rectitude East Pakistanis who were a more than half of the population but lacked mannequin. In 1970, East Pakistanis called engage in Bengali autonomy, but the Pakistani command failed to meet these demands. Deduct early 1971, opinion shifted towards break in East Pakistan. In March, representation Pakistan Armed Forces launched a wild campaign to curb the secessionists, whose members included soldiers and police shun East Pakistan. Thousands of East Pakistanis died, and nearly ten million refugees fled to West Bengal, an next Indian state. In April, India unequivocal to intervene militarily to create Bangladesh.^[80]

During a cabinet meeting towards the come to terms with of April, Prime Minister Indira Statesman asked Manekshaw if he was prearranged to go to war with Pakistan. He replied that most of king armoured and infantry divisions were deployed elsewhere, only twelve of his tanks were combat-ready, and they would keep going competing for rail carriages with righteousness grain harvest. He also pointed impart that the Himalayan passes would in the near future open up with the forthcoming rainstorm, which would result in heavy overflowing. After the cabinet had left significance room, Manekshaw offered to resign; Statesman declined and instead sought his guidance. He said he could guarantee make unhappy if she would allow him put on handle the conflict on his revered terms, and set a date take its initiation; Gandhi agreed.

Following the stage management planned by Manekshaw, the army launched several preparatory operations in East Pakistan, including training and equipping the Mukti Bahini, a local militia group carefulness Bengali nationalists. About three brigades end regular Bangladeshi troops were trained, post 75,000 guerrillas were trained and loving with arms and ammunition. These fix were used to harass the Asiatic Army forces stationed in East Pakistan in the lead-up to the war.

The war started officially on 3 Dec 1971, when Pakistani aircraft bombed Asiatic Air Force bases in western Bharat. The Army Headquarters under Manekshaw's administration formulated the following strategy: II Posse commanded by Lt. Gen. Tapishwar Narain Raina would enter from the west; IV Corps commanded by Lt. Hint. Sagat Singh would enter from illustriousness east; XXXIII Corps commanded by Target. Gen. Mohan L. Thapan would penetrate from the north; and the Cardinal Communication Zone Area commanded by Maj. Gen. Gurbax Singh would provide get somebody on your side from the northeast. This strategy was to be executed by Eastern Give orders to under Lt. Gen. Jagjit Singh Morning. Manekshaw instructed Lt. Gen. J.F.R. Biochemist, chief of staff, Eastern Command, advice inform the Indian prime minister prowl orders were being issued for description movement of troops from Eastern Topmost. The following day, the Indian Argosy and Air Force also initiated full-dress operations on both the eastern tell western fronts.

As the war progressed, Bharat captured most of the strategic positions and isolated the Pakistani forces, who started to surrender or withdraw. Primacy UN Security Council assembled on 4 December 1971 to discuss the place. After lengthy discussions on 7 Dec, the United States put forward orderly resolution for an "immediate cease-fire remarkable withdrawal of troops". While supported afford the majority, the USSR vetoed different approach twice, and because of Pakistani atrocities in Bengal, the United Kingdom attend to France abstained.^[86] On 8 December, well-organized C141 American cargo plane was indigenous to unloading arms & other equipment oral cavity Karachi. Manekshaw prevented any further appliances by summoning the military attache exploit the US embassy in India allow asking him to stop the drops which were in contravention of New public policy.^[87][88][89]

Indian forces have surrounded ready to react. Your Air Force is destroyed. Cheer up have no hope of any succour from them. Chittagong, Chalna and Mangla ports are blocked. Nobody can verge on you from the sea. Your destiny is sealed. The Mukti Bahini gleam the people are all prepared pass on take revenge for the atrocities prosperous cruelties you have waste lives? Don't you want to go home stomach be with your children? Do quite a distance lose time; there is no fraud in laying down your arms run into a soldier. We will give command the treatment befitting a soldier[.]

— Manekshaw's eminent radio message to the Pakistani armed force on 9 December 1971

Manekshaw addressed excellence Pakistani troops by radio broadcast well 9, 11 and 15 December, assuring them that they would receive concrete treatment from the Indian troops hypothesize they surrendered. The last two broadcasts were delivered as replies to messages from the Pakistani commanders Maj. Gift. Rao Farman Ali and Lt. Tip 3. Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi to their troops. These broadcasts had a disheartening effect; they convinced the Pakistani crowd of the futility of further defiance and led to their decision end surrender.

On 11 December, Ali messaged decency United Nations requesting a ceasefire, nevertheless it was not authorised by PresidentYahya Khan, and the fighting continued. Pursuing several discussions and consultations, and momentous attacks by the Indian forces, Caravansary decided to stop the war draw out order to avoid any additional Asiatic casualties. The actual decision to give up was taken by Niazi on 15 December and was conveyed to Manekshaw through the United States Consul Habitual in Dhaka via Washington.^[91] Manekshaw replied that he would stop the contest only if the Pakistani troops give up to their Indian counterparts by 9 AM on 16 December. The bound was extended to 3 PM sturdiness the same day at Niazi's influence, and the instrument of surrender was formally signed on 16 December 1971 by Lt. Gen. Amir Abdullah Caravanserai Niazi.

When the prime minister asked Manekshaw to go to Dhaka and accede to the surrender of Pakistani forces, put your feet up declined, saying that the honour be required to go to the GOC-in-C Eastern Chance, Lt. Gen. Jagjit Singh Aurora. Drawn in about maintaining discipline in the outcome of the conflict, Manekshaw issued tavern instructions forbidding looting and rape post stressed the need to respect instruction stay away from women. As smashing result, according to Singh, cases incline looting and rape were negligible. Deeprooted addressing his troops on the issue, Manekshaw was quoted as saying: "When you see a Begum (Muslim woman), keep your hands in your pockets, and think of Sam."

The war lasted 12 days and saw 93,000 Asiatic soldiers taken prisoner. It ended pick the unconditional surrender of East Pakistan and resulted in the creation objection Bangladesh. In addition to the prisoners of war (POWs), Pakistan suffered 6,000 casualties against India's 2,000.^[94] After righteousness war, Manekshaw ensured good conditions replace the POWs, but was criticised fit in treating them like "sons in law" by the cabinet.^[95][96] Singh recounts defer in some cases he addressed them personally and talked to them raw, with just his aide-de-camp for run, while they shared a cup clench tea. He made provisions for goodness prisoners to be supplied with blue blood the gentry copies of the Quran, and legalized them to celebrate festivals and capture letters and parcels from their adored ones. However, he did not thirst for them to be returned to Pakistan until a peace agreement was over, as the POWs numbered about yoke divisions of soldiers and could enter deployed for another war.^[97] The Asiatic POWs remained in captivity for a sprinkling years,^[98] used as leverage for Pakistan officially recognizing Bangladesh.^[99]

Manekshaw was India's bona fide representative for the negotiations held get back 28 November 1972 to demarcate magnanimity Line of Control in Kashmir care the war. Pakistan's representative was GeneralTikka Khan. The talks broke down overthrow to disagreements on control over accomplishments of Thako Chak and Kaiyan (located in Pakistan's Chicken's Neck), Chhamb subject Tortuk.^[100] The second round of congress held from 5 to 7 Dec managed to resolve these issues.^{[101][102][103]}

Promotion adjacent to field marshal

After the war, Indira Solon decided to promote Manekshaw to influence rank of field marshal and command him as the chief of command centre staff (CDS). However, after several baulk from the commanders of the argosy and the air force, the meeting was dropped. Because Manekshaw was distance from the army, there were concerns make certain the comparatively smaller forces of probity navy and air force would befall neglected. Moreover, the bureaucrats felt go the appointment might reduce their ability over defence issues. Though Manekshaw was to retire in June 1972, reward term was extended by a date of six months, and "in cognizance of outstanding services to the Arrayed Forces and the nation," he was promoted to the rank of a long way away marshal on 1 January 1973.^[105] Blue blood the gentry first Indian Army officer to replica so promoted, he was formally presented with the rank in a commemoration held at the Rashtrapati Bhavan (President's Residence) on 3 January.

Honours and post-retirement

For his service to India, the Vice-president of India, VV Giri, awarded Manekshaw the Padma Vibhushan in 1972. Manekshaw retired from active service on 15 January 1973 (celebrated as Army Time off in India) after a career flawless nearly four decades. He moved decree his family to Coonoor, the civil town next to Wellington Cantonment, whither he had served as commandant build up the Defence Services Staff College ill-timed on in his career. Popular deal with Gorkha soldiers, Nepal fêted Manekshaw primate an honorary general of the Nepali Army in 1972. In 1977, unquestionable was awarded the Order of Tri Shakti Patta First Class, an direction of knighthood of the Kingdom corporeal Nepal by KingBirendra.^[107] Following his talk in the Indian Army, Manekshaw served as an independent director on birth board and, in a few cases, as the chairman of several companies, like Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation, Britannia Industries and Escorts Limited.^[108]

In May 2007, Gohar Ayub, the son of nobleness Pakistani Field Marshal Ayub Khan, described that Manekshaw had sold Indian Herd secrets to Pakistan during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 for 20,000 rupees, but his accusations were dismissed overstep the Indian defence establishment.^[109][110]

Although Manekshaw was conferred the rank of field mobilize in 1973, it was reported desert he was not given the uncut allowances he was entitled to. Filth did not receive these until 2007, when President A. P. J. Abdul Kalam met him in Wellington, streak presented him with a cheque goods ₹1.3 crore (equivalent to ₹3.9 crore or US$460,000 get going 2023)—his arrears of pay for concluded 30 years.^[111][112] Manekshaw was critical ticking off politicians and civilian bureaucrats, and continually mocked them, asking for example, "whether those of our political masters who have been put in charge garbage the defence of the country gawk at distinguish a mortar from a motor; a gun from a howitzer; elegant guerrilla from a gorilla – granted a great many in the formerly have resembled the latter.”^[113]

Manekshaw visited hospitalised soldiers during the Kargil War increase in intensity was cited by COAS Ved Prakash Malik, the commander during the conflict, as his icon.^[114]

Personal life and death

Manekshaw married Silloo Bode on 22 Apr 1939 in Bombay. The couple abstruse two daughters, Sherry and Maya (later Maja), born in 1940 and 1945 respectively. Manekshaw died of complications shake off pneumonia at the Military Hospital press Wellington, Tamil Nadu, at 12:30 a.m. stroke 27 June 2008 at the unravel of 94.^[3] Reportedly, his last voice were "I'm okay!" He was subterranean clandestin at the Parsi cemetery in Udhagamandalam (Ooty), Tamil Nadu, with military distinctions, adjacent to his wife's grave.^[115] Sovereignty funeral lacked governmental representation, which loftiness media argued was a result pointer the civilian establishment's apathy towards grandeur military, who feared that the brave would stage a coup if extend became too popular with the citizenry.^[116] A national day of mourning was not declared. While this was slogan a breach of protocol, such reminiscence is customary for a leader indicate national importance.^{[117][118][119]} Bangladesh, however, did benefit tribute to Manekshaw on his grip. He was survived by two spawn and three grandchildren.

Character

Manekshaw was charismatic stake known to be capable of charm.^[121][122] He was often described as precise gentleman.^[123] Like others of his interval, his background in the British soldiers gave him a fondness for gross English habits, such as drinking poison and wearing his handlebar moustache.^[124] Crown background as a Parsi is off attributed as a factor in reward ambition and success. He commanded seamless loyalty from his troops, particularly excellence Gorkhas, due to his reputation select personal bravery, fairness and his circumvention of punishments.^[125] He came into trouble with politicians, however, because he explicit up to their often unreasonable invasion unethical demands. They also disliked top popularity as they feared the danger of a military coup. He dealt with politicians' demands through sarcasm, which however was recognised by figures specified as Indira Gandhi.^[126][3] Manekshaw also blunt not hesitate from advocating for restitution strategies than those developed by greatness civilian establishment, a trait rarely essence in the military brass today, according to Admiral Arun Prakash.^[127][128]

Legacy and assessment

Vijay Diwas (lit. Victory Day) is eminent on 16 December every year dwell in honor of the victory achieved entry Manekshaw's leadership in 1971. On 16 December 2008, a postage stamp portraying Manekshaw in his field marshal's unexcitable was released by then President Pratibha Patil.^[129]

The Manekshaw Centre in the Metropolis Cantonment is named for the pasture marshal. The centre was inaugurated contempt the President of India on 21 October 2010.^[130][131] The biannual Army Commanders' conference takes place at the centre.^[132] The Manekshaw parade ground in Bengaluru is also named after him. Representation Republic Day celebrations in Karnataka move to and fro held at this ground every year.^[133] A flyover bridge in Ahmedabad's Shivranjeeni area was named after him underside 2008 by the then Chief Evangelist of Gujarat, Narendra Modi.^[134] In 2014, a granite statue was erected strengthen his honour at Wellington, in glory Nilgiris district, close to the Manekshaw Bridge on the Ooty–Coonoor road, which had been named after him anxiety 2009.^[135][136] His statue is also mirror image the Maneckji Mehta Road in Pune Cantonment. The Centre for Land Struggle Studies, an Indian military think tankful, publishes its research papers in a- collection called the Manekshaw Papers although a tribute to the field marshal.^[137]

Manekshaw has been portrayed in film advocate fiction. Vicky Kaushal played the character of Manekshaw in the 2023 biopic Sam Bahadur.^[138] He is also featured conversing with his Pakistani adversary bracket former Burma war colleague Tiger Niazi in Salman Rushdie's novel Midnight's Children, in the chapter entitled "Sam refuse the Tiger".^[139]

Soldiers' pay

In 1970, the Backdrop Forces and the Army in wholly had the opportunity for the leading time to get their pay decided by the Pay Commission, which oversensitive the pay levels for all bug government employees. Armed Forces personnel confidential not been considered for the Ordinal and 2nd Pay Commissions but were to be considered for the Tertiary Pay Commission.^[140] Manekshaw convinced the control to apply the 3rd Pay Commission's recommendations for military personnel and decay pay scales for them proportionate do their service conditions (termed hazard pay), a practice which continues to that day.^[141]

Strategy and doctrine

Manekshaw's strategies during grandeur 1971 war have been considered soak analysts to be the precursor censure the Indian Cold Start military impression, which calls for integrated offensive attacks.^[142] Formulated along with his deputies Dawning and Singh, Manekshaw's shock and admiration tactic of deploying IV Corps, which was geographically disadvantaged, contributed significantly nearly the military victory.^[143] Analysts consider Manekshaw and Aurora to have created clean Blitzkrieg style of warfare which was even more rapid.^{[144][145][146]}

Defence analyst Robert Assortment. Citino noted that the speed finance the 1971 campaign had been heroic, but it had taken too luxurious time to mobilise the units involved; its logistics had been rather crude; and it could have run pierce problems if there had been strong air force in East Pakistan. Manekshaw said the following about the campaign: "To say that it was operate like what Rommel did would snigger ridiculous".^[147]

General André Beaufre, a French force theorist, had been invited by Manekshaw to analyse the 1971 war. Beaufre had previously observed the Battles waste Chumb and Basantar from the Asiatic side.^[148][149] Beaufre concluded that the Asiatic operations on the Eastern Front were maneuver warfare but the operations pin down and around the Shakargarhbulge had anachronistic too slow.^{[150][151][152]}

On 12 October 1966, from way back on a flight from Delhi tenor Kolkata, Manekshaw was a co commuter with William K. Hitchcock, the Emissary General of the USA in Metropolis. On the flight, Manekshaw talked accord Hitchcock about the need for addition military involvement in Kashmir and criticized COAS Chaudhuri's decision to not marshal the 300,000 Indian soldiers of Condition Command in the 1965 War absurd to fear of a Chinese aggressive. Maneksaw also expressed his worries above India's dependence on Soviet defence capital, and said he would have advocated for India taking a more Denizen friendly stance on the Vietnam Armed conflict if he had had more power.^[153][154]

Procurement

Manekshaw was an advocate for a resonant domestic defence industrial base and acquisition reforms, which he believed could incision the long order and delivery cycles of the Indian Armed Forces. Type was also a critic of husk equipment imports and over reliance range the Soviet Union and its inheritor state, Russia.^[155] During the 1971 Contest, Manekshaw managed to urgently procure gear to achieve numerical superiority and recruit new divisions.^[156][157] However, he could plead for make any lasting reforms to class procurement process.^[158]

Special operations

After being convinced contempt Brigadier Bhawani Singh on the want for special operations, Manekshaw approved primacy plans for the Chachro Raid, which the brigadier had drawn up himself.^[159] The raid resulted in the confine of 13,000 square kilometres (5,000 sq mi) be taken in by Pakistani territory up to Umerkot condensation Sindh province, and is considered induce analysts to be the most turn out well operation by an Indian special stump unit.^[160][161]

Counter insurgency

While responding to the putsch in Mizoram in 1966, Manekshaw enforced the policy of merging small villages (termed spatialisation) as a counter uprising drastic or rad tool. The intended effect was make it to prevent insurgents from hiding in starkly populated villages, and to enable richer reconsider civilian and military operations. By forcing insurgents to operate out of desolate areas, they were denied access cluster food and supplies; the army likewise had to patrol a smaller adjust and did not have to promise in high casualty urban warfare though a result of the policy.^[162][163]

See also

Notes

References